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Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) into Chinese

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Abstract

The aim of this study is to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) for the Chinese language, and to evaluate its psychometric properties. The SPADI was translated and cross-culturally adapted for the Chinese language according to established guidelines. Participants completed the SPADI questionnaire, a visual analogue scale (VAS), and the 36-item short form health survey (SF-36), and were assessed using the Constant–Murley shoulder outcome score. Exploratory factor analysis was used to examine the latent dimensions, and Cronbach’s α to measure internal consistency. The construct validity was tested by Pearson correlations with the Constant–Murley score, VAS, and SF-36, while intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the test–retest reliability of the Chinese SPADI. The floor and ceiling effects were calculated by the proportion of participants who obtained the highest (100) and lowest (0) possible score on the baseline questionnaires. We tested its psychometric properties with 120 participants (55 men and 65 women, age: 55.64 ± 9.49 years, duration: 62.75 ± 15.96 weeks) with shoulder pain. And 58 participants completed the SPADI again within 7 days of the first completion to test the test–retest reliability. The Chinese version of the SPADI displayed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.91). Test–retest reliability was high with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.87. A very good correlation was observed between the SPADI and the Constant–Murley score (r = 0.69), a good correlation between the SPADI and the VAS (r = 0.40), and a fair correlation between the SPADI and the SF-36 (r = 0.36). There were no significant floor and ceiling effects in the total Chinese SPADI. The Chinese version of the SPADI is a valid and reliable tool that could be used to measure the degree of pain and disability in Chinese-speaking patients with shoulder pain.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Kathryn E. Roach for her permission to translate the SPADI, and her help during the translation. We also thank Mr. Jun-jing Sun for his help in the forward translation and Mr. Kai-yiu Cheung and Ms. Susan Emanuel for the back translation. We also thank Mr. Ying-shuai Duan for his help in reviewing the scores.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Spine Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 725, Wanping South Road, Shanghai, 200032, China

    Min Yao, Long Yang, Yue-li Sun, Jing Wang, Bao-ping Xu, Yong-jun Wang & Xue-jun Cui

  2. Rheumatism Department, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Zuo-yuan Cao

  3. Department of Neck Shoulder Waist and Leg Pain, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai, China

    Shao-dan Cheng

  4. Shanghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China

    Shuang-lin Tian

  5. Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Chang Zheng Hospital, No. 410, Chengdu North Road (200001), Shanghai, China

    Xiao-chun Hu & Ying Zhang

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  1. Min Yao
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  2. Long Yang
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  3. Zuo-yuan Cao
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  11. Ying Zhang
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Correspondence to Ying Zhang or Xue-jun Cui.

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Funding statement

This is a special project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81373666), the Municipal Hospitals Cutting-edge Technologies Emerging Joint Project (SHDC12013113), the Municipal Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai-TCM key project (14401970400), the National Key Technology Support Program (2014BAI08B06 ), the National Research Projects of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (201407001-2), the Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Foundation (2012L032A), the Special Project of Scientific Research Base by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (JDZX2012118), the Priority Project of the Clinical Medicine Center of Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau (No. 000002), and the Shanghai Health System Important Disease Joint Research Project (No. 2013ZYJB0502).

Additional information

Min Yao and Long Yang contributed equally to this work and should be considered as co-first authors.

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Yao, M., Yang, L., Cao, Zy. et al. Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) into Chinese. Clin Rheumatol 36, 1419–1426 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-017-3562-4

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