Abstract
The pore-microfracture structure, water-rock interaction and capillary water absorption mechanism of red-layer mudstone were comprehensively studied. The mineral composition was determined using X-ray diffraction, and the pore-microfracture structure was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Mercury intrusion porosimetry and nitrogen physisorption were used to obtain pore throat size distribution information. The effects of mineral composition and pore structure on adsorption and desorption behaviour were investigated using water vapour physisorption. The wettability of the mudstone surface was characterised by contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy. The capillary water absorption coefficient and capillary water absorption height of mudstone were quantitatively studied using capillary water absorption experiments. The results showed that the clay mineral content of mudstone was 46.8%, and the pores were mainly micropores and transition pores, which were very dense. The water vapour physical adsorption isotherm of mudstone showed that the average water-holding rate of mudstone was 31.47%. In the process of desorption of mudstone, the “ink-bottle” effect limited the desorption of water under medium and high relative humidity. The macroscopic contact angle of the mudstone surface was less than 29.79°, indicating mudstone’s strong hydrophilic property. The driving force of capillary water absorption of mudstone should consider the capillary force, osmotic pressure and gravity. The hydration fracture of the mudstone was the dominant channel of its capillary water absorption. Understanding the relationship between the water absorption mechanism of mudstone capillarity and pore-microfractures is necessary for revealing the disaster mechanism of the red-layer mudstone.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All relevant data are within the paper.
References
Abd AE, Abdel-Monem AM, Kansouh WA (2013) Experimental determination of moisture distributions in fired clay brick using a 252Cf source: a neutron transmission study. Appl Radiat Isot 74:78–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.01.007
Barrett EP, Joyner LG, Halenda PP (1951) The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances. I. Computations from nitrogen isotherms. J Am Chem Soc 73(1):373–380. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01145a126
Benavente D, Lock P, Delcura MAG, Ordonez S (2002) Predicting the capillary imbibition of porous rocks from microstructure. Transp Porous Media 49(1):59–76. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016047122877
Cai JC, Perfect E, Cheng CL, Hu XY (2014) Generalized modeling of spontaneous imbibition based on Hagen-Poiseuille flow in tortuous capillaries with variably shaped apertures. Langmuir 30(18):5142–5151. https://doi.org/10.1021/la5007204
Çelik MY (2017) Water absorption and P-wave velocity changes during freeze thaw weathering process of crosscut travertine rocks. Environ Earth Sci 76(12):409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6632-7
Çelik MY, Kaçmaz AU (2016) The investigation of static and dynamic capillary by water absorption in porous building stones under normal and salty water conditions. Environ Earth Sci 75:307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5132-x
Çobanoğlu I (2015) Prediction and identification of capillary water absorption capacity of travertine dimension stone. Arab J Geosci 8(11):10135–10149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-1902-8
Dai ZJ, Guo JH, Zhou Z, Chen SX, Yu F, Li J (2020) Inversion and prediction of long-term uplift deformation of high-speed railway subgrade in central Sichuan red-bed. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 39(S2):3538–3548. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2019.1149
Dai ZJ, Guo JH, Yu F, Zhou Z, Li J, Chen SX (2021) Long-term uplift of high-speed railway subgrade caused by swelling effect of red-bed mudstone: case study in Southwest China. Bull Eng Geol Env 80:4855–4869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02220-7
David C, Menendez B, Mengus JM (2011) X-ray imaging of water motion during capillary imbibition: geometry and kinetics of water front in intact and damaged porous rocks. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth 116:B03204. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JB007973
Du SH (2020) Characteristics and the formation mechanism of the heterogeneous microfractures in the tight oil reservoir of Ordos Basin. China. J Pet Sci Eng 191:107176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107176
Dullien FAL, El-Sayed MS, Batra VK (1977) Rate of capillary rise in porous media with nonuniform pores. J Colloid Interface Sci 60(3):497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(77)90314-9
Einstein H (1989) Suggested methods for laboratory testing of argillaceous swelling rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 26(5):415–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(90)94565-b
Feng C, Janssen H (2018) Hygric properties of porous building materials (III): impact factors and data processing methods of the capillary absorption test. Build Environ 134:21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.02.038
Fritz SJ (1986) Ideality of clay membranes in osmotic processes: a review. Clay Clay Miner 34(2):214–223. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340212
Fu ST, Fu JH, Yu J, Yao JL, Zhang CL, Ma ZR, Yuan YJ, Zhang Y (2018) Petroleum geological features and exploration prospect of Linhe Depression in Hetao Basin, China. Pet Explor Dev 45(5):803–817. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1876-3804(18)30084-3
Fu TF, Xu T, Heap MJ, Meredith PG, Yang TH, Mitchell TM, Nara Y (2021) Analysis of capillary water imbibition in sandstone via a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and numerical DEM modeling. Eng Geol 285:106070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106070
Gao ZY, Hu QH (2013) Estimating permeability using median pore-throat radius obtained from mercury intrusion porosimetry. J Geophys Eng 10(2):025014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-2132/10/2/025014
Gao ZY, Yang S, Jiang ZX, Zhang K, Chen L (2018) Investigating the spontaneous imbibition characteristics of continental Jurassic Ziliujing Formation shale from the northeastern Sichuan Basin and correlations to pore structure and composition. Mar Pet Geol 98:697–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.09.023
Gensterblum Y, Ghanizadeh A, Cuss RJ, Amann-Hildenbrand A, Krooss BM, Clarkson CR, Harrington JF, Zoback MD (2015) Gas transport and storage capacity in shale gas reservoirs-a review. Part A: Transport processes. J Unconventional Oil and Gas Res 12:87–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juogr.2015.08.001
Graue B, Siegesmund S, Middendorf B (2011) Quality assessment of replacement stones for the Cologne Cathedral: mineralogical and petrophysical requirements. Environ Earth Sci 63(7–8):1799–1822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1077-x
Guo YC, Xie Q, Wen JQ (2007) Red beds distribution and engineering geological problem in China. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology 6:67–71
Hall C, Tse TKM (1986) Water movement in porous building materials—VII. The sorptivity of mortars. Build Environ 21(2):113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(86)90017-X
Heindel TJ (2011) A review of X-ray flow visualization with applications to multiphase flows. ASME J Fluids Eng 133(7):074001. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4004367
Heshmati M, Piri M (2014) Experimental investigation of dynamic contact angle and capillary rise in tubes with circular and noncircular cross sections. Langmuir 30(47):14151–14162. https://doi.org/10.1021/la501724y
Hu QH (2020) Nano-petrophysical studies for nuclear-waste repository and shale petroleum exploitation. Webinar on Science, Engineering, and Technology. Vebleo Fellow Lecture webinar. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAd0-Lu7kyM&ab_channel=VebleoScientificConferences%26Webinars. Accessed 25 Mar 2022
Hu QH, Zhang YX, Meng XH, Li Z, Xie ZH, Li MW (2017) Characterization of multiple micro-nano pore networks in shale oil reservoirs of Paleogene Shahejie Formation in Dongying Sag of Bohai Bay Basin, East China. Pet Explor Dev 44(5):720–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(17)30083-6
Huang SB, Cheng Q, Hu HT (2005) A study on distribution of Sichuan red beds and engineering environment characteristics. Highway 5:81–85
Huang K, Yu F, Zhou Z, Tong KW, Zhang W, Chen SX, Dai ZJ (2022) Influence of pH on moisture-absorbing swelling cracks of red layer in central Sichuan and its micro-mechanism. Environ Earth Sci 81:441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-022-10570-y
Huang K, Yu F, Zhang W, Tong KW, Li SC, Guo JH, Chen SX, Dai ZJ (2023a) Experimental and numerical simulation study on the influence of gaseous water on the mechanical properties of red-layer mudstone in central Sichuan. Rock Mech Rock Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-023-03228-z
Huang K, Dai ZJ, Yan CZ, Chen SX (2023) Numerical study on the swelling and failure of red-layer mudstone subgrade caused by humidity diffusion. Comput Geotech 156:105272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105272
İnce İ (2021) Relationship between capillary water absorption value, capillary water absorption speed, and capillary rise height in pyroclastic rocks. Mining Metall Explor 38:841–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-020-00354-y
Ioannou I, Charalambous C, Hall C (2017) The temperature variation of the water sorptivity of construction materials. Mater Struct 50:208. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1079-6
ISRM (1999) Suggested methods for laboratory testing of swelling rocks. Rock Mech Min Sci 36:291–306
Jiang SX, Mokhtari M (2019) Characterization of marl and interbedded limestone layers in the Eagle Ford Formation, DeWitt County, Texas. J Pet Sci Eng 172:502–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2018.09.094
Keppert M, Žumár J, Čáchová M, Koňáková D, Svora P, Pavlík Z, Vejmelková E, Černý R (2016) Water vapor diffusion and adsorption of sandstones: influence of rock texture and composition. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2016:8039748. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8039748
Li YH, Liu GQ, Victor R (1999) Compressibility and fractal dimension of fine coal particles in relation to pore structure characterisation using mercury porosimetry. Part Part Syst Charact 16(1):25–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-4117(199905)16:1%3C25::AID-PPSC25%3E3.0.CO;2-T
Li CD, Fu ZY, Wang Y, Tang HM, Yan JF, Gong WP, Yao WM, Criss RE (2019a) Susceptibility of reservoir-induced landslides and strategies for increasing the slope stability in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area: Zigui Basin as an example. Eng Geol 261:105279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105279
Li FL, Wang MZ, Liu SB, Hao YW (2019b) Pore characteristics and influencing factors of different types of shales. Mar Pet Geol 102:391–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.11.034
Li BL, Lan JQ, Si GY, Lin GP, Hu LQ (2020) NMR-based damage characterisation of backfill material in host rock under dynamic loading. Int J Min Sci Technol 30(3):329–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2020.03.015
Li CD, Criss RE, Fu ZY, Long JJ, Tan QW (2021) Evolution characteristics and displacement forecasting model of landslides with stair-step sliding surface along the Xiangxi River, three Gorges Reservoir region. China. Eng Geol 283:105961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105961
Lin X, Hu QH, Chen ZH, Wang QH, Zhang T, Sun MD (2020) Changes in water vapor adsorption and water film thickness in clayey materials as a function of relative humidity. Vadose Zone J 19(1):e20063. https://doi.org/10.1002/vzj2.20063
Liou WW, Peng YQ, Parker PE (2009) Analytical modeling of capillary flow in tubes of nonuniform cross section. J Colloid Interface Sci 333(1):389–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2009.01.038
Liu JL (2016) Infinitude of micro force: the miraculous phenomenon of capillarity and infiltration. Tsinghua University Press
Liu CD, Cheng Y, Jiao YY, Zhang GH, Zhang WS, Ou GZ, Tan F (2021) Experimental study on the effect of water on mechanical properties of swelling mudstone. Eng Geol 295(20):106448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106448
Loucks RG, Reed RM (2016) Natural microfractures in unconventional shale-oil and shale gas systems: real, hypothetical, or wrongly defined? Gulf Coast Assoc Geol Soc J 5:64–72. http://www.gcags.org/exploreanddiscover/2016/00144_loucks_and_reed.pdf. Accessed 12 Apr 2022
Loucks RG, Reed RM, Ruppel SC, Hammes U (2012) Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix-related mudrock pores. AAPG Bull 96(6):1071–1098. https://doi.org/10.1306/08171111061
Lowell S, Shields J, Thomas MA, Thommes M (2006) Characterization of porous solids and powders: surface area. Porosity and density. Springer
Lu N, Khorshidi M (2015) Mechanisms for soil-water retention and hysteresis at high suction range. J Geotech Geoenviron 141(8):04015032. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001325
Lu LF, Cai JG, Liu WH, Teng GE, Wang J (2013) Occurrence and thermostability of absorbed organic matter on clay minerals in mudstones and muddy sediments. Oil Gas Geol 34:16–26
Mitchell J, Chandrasekera TC, Holland DJ, Gladden LF, Fordham EJ (2013) Magnetic resonance imaging in laboratory petrophysical core analysis. Phys Rep 526(3):165–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2013.01.003
Morishige K, Tateshi N (2003) Adsorption hysteresis in ink-bottle pore. J Chem Phys 199:2301–2306. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1585014
Morsy S, Gomma A, Sheng JJ (2014) Improvement of Eagle Ford Shale Formation’s water imbibition by mineral dissolution and wettability alteration. Proceeding of SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Woodland, Texas, April 8–10. Paper, SPE 168985. https://doi.org/10.2118/168985-MS
Murray KL, Seaton NA, Day MA (1998) Analysis of the spatial variation of the pore network coordination number of porous solids using nitrogen sorption measurements. Langmuir 14(17):4953–4954. https://doi.org/10.1021/la980113k
Olsson WA, Peng SS (1976) Microcrack nucleation in Marble. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 13(2):53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(76)90704-X
Perfect E, Cheng CL, Kang M, Bilheux HZ, Lamanna JM, Gragg MJ, Wright DM (2014) Neutron imaging of hydrogen-rich fluids in geomaterials and engineered porous media: A review. Earth Sci Rev 129:120–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.11.012
Pommer M, Milliken K (2015) Pore type and pore size distribution across thermal maturity, Eagle Ford Formation, Southern Texas. AAPG Bull 99(9):1713–1744. https://doi.org/10.1306/03051514151
Ravikovitch PI, Neimark AV (2002) Experimental confirmation of different mechanisms of evaporation from ink-bottle type pores: equilibrium, pore blocking, and cavitation. Langmuir 18(25):9830–9837. https://doi.org/10.1021/la026140z
Roels S, Carmeliet J (2006) Analysis of moisture flow in porous materials using microfocus X-ray radiography. Int J Heat Mass Transf 49(25–26):4762–4772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.06.035
Rouquerol J, Rouquerol F, Llewellyn P, Maurin G, Sing KSW (2014) Adsorption by powders and porous solids: principles, methodology and applications. Academic Press
Saeed Z, Sassan O, Ali N, Shahab A (2010) Atomic force microscopy and wettability study of the alteration of mica and sandstone by a biosurfactant producing bacterium bacillus thermodenitrificans. J Adv Microsc Res 5(6):143–148. https://doi.org/10.1166/jamr.2010.1036
Sander M, Lu YF, Pignatello JJ (2005) A thermodynamically based method to quantify true sorption hysteresis. J Environ Qual 34(3):1063–1072. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.0301
Sang GJ, Liu SM, Elsworth D (2019) Water vapor sorption properties of Illinois shales under dynamic water vapor conditions: experimentation and modeling. Water Resour Res 55(8):7212–7228. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR024992
Seiedi O, Rahbar M, Nabipour M, Emadi MA, Ayatollahi GMH, S, (2011) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation on the surfactant wettabilityalteration mechanism of aged mica mineral surfaces. Energy Fuels 25:183–188. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef100699t
Shen PW, Tang HM, Wang DJ, Su XX, Huang L (2020) Weakening of mudstone fragments due to disintegration: an experimental investigation. Bull Eng Geol Env 79(10):5477–5497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01874-z
Sing KSW, Everett DH, Haul RAW, Moscou L, Pierotti RA, Rouquerol J, Siemieniewska T (1985) Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity. Pure Appl Chem 57(4):603–619. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac198557040603
Stavropoulou E, Andò E, Tengattini A, Briffaut M, Dufour F, Atkins D, Armand G (2019) Liquid water uptake in unconfined Callovo Oxfordian clay-rock studied with neutron and X-ray imaging. Acta Geotech 14:19–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0639-4
Tandon RS, Gupta V, Venkateshwarlu B (2021) Geological, geotechnical, and GPR investigations along the Mansa Devi hill-bypass (MDHB) Road, Uttarakhand, India. Landslides 18:849–863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01546-9
Tang X, Ripepi N, Valentine KA, Keles C, Long T, Gonciaruk A (2017) Water vapor sorption on Marcellus shale: measurement, modeling and thermodynamic analysis. Fuel 209:606–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.062
Tsunazawa Y, Yokoyama T, Nishiyama N (2016) An experimental study on the rate and mechanism of capillary rise in sandstone. Prog Earth Planet Sci 3:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-016-0086-5
Wang L, Liu HQ, Xie GX, Yuan QP, Chen LP (2021a) Fine characterization of the pore and fracture structure and strength degradation mechanism of gas bearing coal. Rock Soil Mech 12:1–15. https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2021.1039
Wang QM, Hu QH, Larsen C, Zhao C, Sun MD, Zhang YX, Zhang T (2021b) Microfracture-pore structure characterization and water-rock interaction in three lithofacies of the Lower Eagle Ford Formation. Eng Geol 292:106276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106276
Wang QM, Zhang XM, Hu QH, Lin X (2021c) How artificial fractures and bedding plane influence the fluid movement in the fracture-matrix dual-connectivity system of Barnett shale. AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition online Meeting, Search and Discovery. https://doi.org/10.1306/11353Wang2021 (Article #11353)
Wen T, Tang HM, Huang L, Wang YK, Ma JW (2020) Energy evolution: a new perspective on the failure mechanism of purplish-red mudstones from the Three Gorges Reservoir area. China. Eng Geol 264:105350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105350
Wenzel RN (1936) Resistance of solid surfaces to wetting by water. Ind Eng Chem 28(8):988–994. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50320a024
Wu Y, Zhao YX, Li P (2019) Efect of the heterogeneity on sorptivity in sandstones with high and low permeability in water imbibition process. Processes 7(5):260. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7050260
Yang ZC, Zhang JY, Zhou DP (2006) Study on fast weathering characteristics of red bed mudstone slope. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 25(02):275–283
Yang R, Hao F, He S, He CC, Guo XS, Yi JZ, Hu HY, Zhang SW, Hu QH (2017) Experimental investigations on the geometry and connectivity of pore space in organic-rich Wufeng and Longmaxi shales. Mar Pet Geol 84:225–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2017.03.033
Yang R, Jia AQ, He S, Hu QH, Dong T, Hou YG, Yan JP (2020) Water adsorption characteristics of organic-rich Wufeng and Longmaxi Shale, Sichuan Basin (China). J Pet Sci Eng 193:107387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107387
Yao YB, Liu DM (2012) Comparison of low-field NMR and mercury intrusion porosimetry in characterizing pore size distributions of coals. Fuel 95(1):152–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.12.039
Yu S, Bo J, Pei S, Wu JH (2018) Matrix compression and multifractal characterization for tectonically deformed coals by Hg porosimetry. Fuel 211:661–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.09.070
Zeng LB, Tang XM, Wang TC, Gong L (2012) The influence of fracture cements in tight Paleogene saline lacustrine carbonate reservoirs, western Qaidam Basin, northwest China. AAPG Bull 96(11):2003–2017. https://doi.org/10.1306/04181211090
Zeng L, Yao XF, Zhang JH, Gao QF, Chen JC, Gui YT (2020) Ponded infiltration and spatial–temporal prediction of the water content of silty mudstone. Bull Eng Geol Environ 79:5371–5383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01880-1
Zhan WW, Yuan PB, Liu XW (2009) Study on creep properties of red-bed soft rock under step load. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 28(S1):3076–3081
Zhang ZH, Liu W, Cui Q, Han L, Yao HY (2018) Disintegration characteristics of moderately weathered mudstone in drawdown area of Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Arab J Geosci 11:405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-3751-8
Zhang Y, Zhang YM, Huang JZ (2022) Experimental study on capillary water absorption of sandstones from different grotto heritage sites in China. Heritage Science 10:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-022-00656-y
Zhao YX, Wu Y, Han SB, Xue SB, Fan GW, Chen ZW, Abd AE (2019) Water sorptivity of unsaturated fractured sandstone: fractal modeling and neutron radiography experiment. Adv Water Resour 130:172–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.06.006
Zhong ZB, Li AH, Deng RG, Wu PP, Xu J (2019) Experimental study on the time-dependent swelling characteristics of red-bed mudstone in Central Sichuan. Chin J Rock Mech Eng 38(1):76–86. https://doi.org/10.13722/j.cnki.jrme.2018.0861
Zhu HX, Selim HM (2000) Hysteretic behavior of metolachlor adsorption-desorption in soils. Soil Sci 165(8):632–645. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200008000-00005
Zou CN, Yang Z, Cui JW, Zhu RK, Hou LH, Tao SZ, Yuan XJ, Wu ST, Lin SH, Wang L, Bai B, Yao JL (2013) Formation mechanism, geological characteristics and development strategy of nonmarine shale oil in China. Pet Explor Dev 40(1):14–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(13)60002-6
Funding
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42172308) and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (No. 2022331).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Huang, K., Yu, F., Zhang, W. et al. Relationship between capillary water absorption mechanism and pore structure and microfracture of red-layer mudstone in central Sichuan. Bull Eng Geol Environ 82, 100 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03115-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-023-03115-5