Abstract
Disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is one of the most challenging subjects across the world. And it is reported that China intends to build an HLW repository in granite strata in Beishan, Gansu Province. In this research, to explore hydraulic properties of Beishan granite considering thermal damage, specimens were heated up to 300, 400, and 500 °C, respectively. Then, hydro-mechanical (HM) coupled tests were conducted after specimens were cooled to room temperature. It was observed that a large amount of acoustic emission (AE) is monitored during the initial compaction and elastic stage in the HM coupled tests. For mechanical response, under each fluid pressure, the peak strength and crack damage threshold gradually decrease when the treatment temperature is within 400 °C. However, they show increase after 500 °C treatment compared with that of 400 °C. In addition, peak strength and crack damage threshold reach their maximum under fluid pressure of 4 MPa for each treatment temperature. The change tendency of strain with treatment temperature is roughly the same as that for the strength. And it is noticeable that the crack damage threshold strain at 500 °C is even higher than that of specimens without heat treatment. As for the permeability of Beishan granite, the initial permeability does not change much after different high temperature treatment and maintains at about 10−18 m2 under confining pressure of 20 MPa. It is revealed that before peak stress is reached, the change of permeability with volumetric strain can be expressed by two linear relations, taking the expansion point as the dividing point. And a permeability evolution model of Beishan granite is proposed. The obtained results are of great importance for the safety of an HLW repository.
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10064-021-02130-8/MediaObjects/10064_2021_2130_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10064-021-02130-8/MediaObjects/10064_2021_2130_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10064-021-02130-8/MediaObjects/10064_2021_2130_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10064-021-02130-8/MediaObjects/10064_2021_2130_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10064-021-02130-8/MediaObjects/10064_2021_2130_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10064-021-02130-8/MediaObjects/10064_2021_2130_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10064-021-02130-8/MediaObjects/10064_2021_2130_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs10064-021-02130-8/MediaObjects/10064_2021_2130_Fig8_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alam AKMB, Niioka M, Fujii Y, Fukuda D, Kodama JI (2014) Effects of confining pressure on the permeability of three rock types under compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 65:49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.11.006
Bossart P, Meier PM, Moeri A, Trick T, Mayor JC (2002) Geological and hydraulic characterisation of the excavation disturbed zone in the Opalinus Clay of the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory. Eng Geol 66(1-2):19–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00140-5
Brace WF (1978) Volume changes during fracture and frictional sliding: a review. Pure Appl Geophys 116(4-5):603–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876527
Brace WF, Paulding JBW, Scholz CH (1966) Dilatancy in the fracture of crystalline rocks. J Geophys Res 71(16):3939–3953. https://doi.org/10.1029/jz071i016p03939
Brace WF, Walsh JB, Frangos WT (1968) Permeability of granite under high pressure. J Geophys Res 73(6):2225–2236. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB073i006p02225
Cai M, Kaiser PK, Tasaka Y, Maejimac T, Moriokac H, Minami M (2004) Generalized crack initiation and crack damage stress thresholds of brittle rock masses near underground excavations. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41(5):833–847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.02.001
Chen Y (2018) Permeability evolution in granite under compressive stress condition. Geotech Geol Eng 36:641–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0313-x
Chen L, Liu J, Wang CP, Liu J, Su R, Wang J (2014) Characterization of damage evolution in granite under compressive stress condition and its effect on permeability. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 71:340–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.07.020
Chen S, Wang G, Zuo S, Yang C (2019) Experimental investigation on microstructure and permeability of thermally treated beishan granite. J Test Eval 49(2). https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20180879
Chen S, Yang C, Wang G (2017) Evolution of thermal damage and permeability of Beishan granite. Appl Therm Eng 110:1533–1542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.075
Darot M, Gueguen Y, Baratin ML (1992) Permeability of thermally cracked granite. Geophys Res Lett 19(9):869–872. https://doi.org/10.1029/92GL00579
Fairhurst CE, Hudson JA (1999) Draft ISRM suggested method for the complete stress-strain curve for intact rock in uniaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 36(3):279–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-9062(99)00006-6
Feng Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Wan Z (2018) Real-time permeability evolution of thermally cracked granite at triaxial stresses. Appl Therm Eng 133:194–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.01.037
Gautam PK, Verma AK, Jha MK, Sharma P, Singh TN (2018) Effect of high temperature on physical and mechanical properties of Jalore granite. J Appl Geophys 159:460–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.07.018
Heiland J, Raab S (2001) Experimental investigation of the influence of differential stress on permeability of a lower permian (rotliegend) sandstone deformed in the brittle deformation field. Phys Chem Earth Solid Earth Geod 26(1-2):33–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-1895(01)00019-9
Heuze FE (1983) High-temperature mechanical, physical and thermal properties of granitic rocks-A review. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 20(1):3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(83)91609-1
Holcomb DJ (1981) Memory, relaxation, and microfracturing in dilatant rock. J Geophys Res-Sol Earth 86(B7):6235–6248. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB086iB07p06235
Jiang T, Shao JF, Xu WY, Zhou CB (2010) Experimental investigation and micromechanical analysis of damage and permeability variation in brittle rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 47(5):703–713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2010.05.003
Jones C, Keaney G, Meredith PG, Murrell SAF (1997) Acoustic emission and fluid permeability measurements on thermally cracked rocks. Phys Chem Earth 22(1-2):13–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-1946(97)00071-2
Katayama I, Nicolas A, Schubnel A (2018) Fluid-induced fracturing of initially damaged granite triggered by pore pressure buildup. Geophys Res Lett 45(15):7488–7495. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077815
Kim T, Jeon S (2019) Experimental study on shear behavior of a rock discontinuity under various thermal, hydraulic and mechanical conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52:2207–2226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1723-7
Kiyama T, Kita H, Ishijima Y, Yanagidani T, Sato T (1996) Permeability in anisotropic granite under hydrostatic compression and triaxial compression including post-failure region. 2nd North American Rock Mechanics Symposium. American Rock Mechanics Association.
Kranz RL (1979) Crack growth and development during creep of Barre granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 16(1):23–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(79)90772-1
Oda M, Katsube T, Takemura T (2002) Microcrack evolution and brittle failure of Inada granite in triaxial compression tests at 140 MPa. J Geophys Res-Sol Earth 107(B10). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000272
Peng S, Johnson AM (1972) Crack growth and faulting in cylindrical specimens of Chelmsford granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 9(1):37–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(72)90050-2
Peng K, Lv H, Yan FZ, Zou QL, Song X, Liu ZP (2020) Effects of temperature on mechanical properties of granite under different fracture modes. Eng Fract Mech 226:106838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.106838
Souley M, Homand F, Pepa S, Hoxha D (2001) Damage-induced permeability changes in granite: a case example at the URL in Canada. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 38(2):297–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(01)00002-8
Tan X, Konietzky H (2019) Numerical simulation of permeability evolution during progressive failure of Aue granite at the grain scale level. Comput Geotech 112:185–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.04.016
Tan X, Konietzky H, Chen W (2016) Numerical simulation of heterogeneous rock using discrete element model based on digital image processing. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(12):4957–4964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1030-0
Tan X, Konietzky H, Frühwirt T (2014) Laboratory observation and numerical simulation of permeability evolution during progressive failure of brittle rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 68:167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.02.016
Tan X, Konietzky H, Frühwirt T, Dan DQ (2015) Brazilian tests on transversely isotropic rocks: laboratory testing and numerical simulations. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(4):1341–1351 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0629-2
Tapponnier P, Brace WF (1976) Development of stress-induced microcracks in Westerly granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 13(4):103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(76)91937-9
Wang J (2010) High-level radioactive waste disposal in China: update 2010. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 2(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1235.2010.00001
Wang F, Frühwirt T, Konietzky H, Zhu QY (2019) Thermo-mechanical behaviour of granite during high-speed heating. Eng Geol 260:105258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105258
Wang F, Konietzky H (2019) Thermo-mechanical properties of granite at elevated temperatures and numerical simulation of thermal cracking. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(10):3737–3755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01837-1
Wang F, Konietzky H, Frühwirt T, Li YW, Dai YJ (2020a) The influence of temperature and high-speed heating on tensile strength of granite and the application of digital image correlation on tensile failure processes. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53:1935–1952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-02022-0
Wang ZH, Ren WG, Tan YL, Konietzky H (2020b) Experimental and numerical study on hydromechanical coupled deformation behavior of Beishan granite considering permeability evolution. Geofluids 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8855439
Yi H, Zhou H, Wang R, Liu D, Ding J (2018) On the relationship between creep strain and permeability of granite: experiment and model investigation. Energies 11:2859. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11102859
Yin T, Li X, Cao W, Xia K (2015) Effects of thermal treatment on tensile strength of Laurentian granite using Brazilian test. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(6):2213–2223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0712-3
Yuan SC, Harrison JP (2005) Development of a hydro-mechanical local degradation approach and its application to modelling fluid flow during progressive fracturing of heterogeneous rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 42(7-8):961–984. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.05.005
Zhang Y, Liu ZB, Xu WY, Shao JF (2015) Change in the permeability of clastic rock during multi-loading triaxial compressive creep tests. Géotech Lett 5(3):167–172. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.15.00029
Zhao Y, Feng Z, Zhao Y, Wan Z (2017) Experimental investigation on thermal cracking, permeability under HTHP and application for geothermal mining of HDR. Energy 132:305–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.093
Zhao XG, Wang J, Chen F, Li PF, Ma LK, Xie JL, Liu YM (2016) Experimental investigations on the thermal conductivity characteristics of Beishan granitic rocks for China’s HLW disposal. Tectonophysics 683:124–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.06.021
Zhou HW, Wang ZH, Ren WG, Liu ZL, Liu JF (2019) Acoustic emission based mechanical behaviors of Beishan granite under conventional triaxial compression and hydro-mechanical coupling tests. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 123:104125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2019.104125
Zhou HW, Wang ZH, Wang CS, Liu JF (2019) On acoustic emission and post-peak energy evolution in Beishan granite under cyclic loading. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(1):283–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1614-y
Zoback MD, Byerlee JD (1975) The effect of microcrack dilatancy on the permeability of westerly granite. J Geophys Res 80(5):752–755. https://doi.org/10.1029/jb080i005p00752
Funding
This work was supported by the Qingdao Postdoctoral Applied Research Project Foundation, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51674266), and the Major Program of Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation (ZR2018ZA0603).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Z.H., Su, T., Konietzky, H. et al. Hydraulic properties of Beishan granite after different high temperature treatments. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80, 2911–2923 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02130-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02130-8