Abstract
This paper investigates the fracture evolution during rockbursts of granodiorite and basalt that appeared to be representatives of two different rockburst modes under true-triaxial loading using acoustic emission (AE) analysis. In the experiments, with the macroscale ejection and failure features captured and presented by the high-speed video imaging and failed specimens, the inside micro- or meso-scale fracturing was detected and analyzed in detail by AE in terms of intensity, temporal-spatial distribution, and mechanism. The experimental results and AE analyses show that the fracture evolution during rockburst (particularly in granodiorite) exhibits hierarchical characteristics: during early loading, small local microfractures developed progressively and stably mainly by tension and clustered preliminarily; around and after the point of the crack damage stress, large-scale fractures developed and coalesced rapidly and unstably with increasing shear mechanism, and nucleation zones significantly developed; upon rockburst failure, rocks near the free face buckled or fractured and ejected rapidly, and shear ruptures suddenly ran through. The findings help facilitate the rockburst prediction and control.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aggelis DG (2011) Classification of cracking mode in concrete by acoustic emission parameters. Mech Res Commun 38(3):153–157
Akdag S, Karakus M, Taheri A, Nguyen G, Manchao H (2018) Effects of thermal damage on strain burst mechanism for brittle rocks under true-triaxial loading conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(6):1657–1682
Aker E, Kuhn D, Vavrycuk V, Soldal M, Oye V (2014) Experimental investigation of acoustic emissions and their moment tensors in rock during failure. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 70:286–295
Cai M, Kaiser P (2018) Rockburst support reference book—volume I: Rockburst phenomenon and support characteristics. MIRARCO – Mining Innovation, Laurentian University, Sudbury (free manuscript download from www.mirarco.org), pp 28-90
Carpinteri A, Corrado M, Lacidogna G (2013) Heterogeneous materials in compression: correlations between absorbed, released and acoustic emission energies. Eng Fail Anal 33:236–250
Chang SH, Lee CI (2004) Estimation of cracking and damage mechanisms in rock under triaxial compression by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41(7):1069–1086
Cook NGW (1965a) The failure of rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 2(4):389–403
Cook NGW (1965b) A note on rockbursts considered as a problem of stability. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 65(8):437–446
Eberhardt E, Stead D, Stimpson B (1999) Quantifying progressive pre-peak brittle fracture damage in rock during uniaxial compression. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 36(3):361–380
Feng X-T, Chen B-R, Feng G, Zhao Z, Zheng H (2018) Chapter 1 - description and engineering phenomenon of rockbursts. In: Feng X-T (ed) Rockburst: mechanisms, monitoring. Warning and Mitigation. Elsevier, Oxford, pp 3–26
Gong F-q, Luo Y, Li X-b, Si X-f, Tao M (2018) Experimental simulation investigation on rockburst induced by spalling failure in deep circular tunnels. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 81:413–427
Gong F-Q, Wu C, Luo S, Yan J-Y (2019) Load–unload response ratio characteristics of rock materials and their application in prediction of rockburst proneness. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78(7):5445–5466
Gong YX, Song ZJ, He MC, Gong WL, Ren FQ (2017) Precursory waves and eigenfrequencies identified from acoustic emission data based on singular spectrum analysis and laboratory rock-burst experiments. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 91:155–169
Graham CC, Stanchits S, Main IG, Dresen G (2010) Comparison of polarity and moment tensor inversion methods for source analysis of acoustic emission data. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47(1):161–169
Grosse CU, Ohtsu M (2008) Acoustic emission testing. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg
He MC, Miao JL, Feng JL (2010) Rock burst process of limestone and its acoustic emission characteristics under true-triaxial unloading conditions. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47(2):286–298
He MC, Zhao F, Cai M, Du S (2015) A novel experimental technique to simulate pillar burst in laboratory. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(5):1833–1848
Hedley DGF (1992) Rockburst handbook for Ontario hardrock mines. CANMET Special Report:SP92–SP1E
Ishida T, Labuz JF, Manthei G, Meredith PG, Nasseri MHB, Shin K, Yokoyama T, Zang A (2017) ISRM suggested method for laboratory acoustic emission monitoring. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50(3):665–674
Jiang Q, Feng X-T, Xiang T-B, Su G-S (2010) Rockburst characteristics and numerical simulation based on a new energy index: a case study of a tunnel at 2,500 m depth. Bull Eng Geol Environ 69(3):381–388
Kaiser PK, Cai M (2012) Design of rock support system under rockburst condition. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 4(3):215–227
Kim J-S, Lee K-S, Cho W-J, Choi H-J, Cho G-C (2015) A comparative evaluation of stress–strain and acoustic emission methods for quantitative damage assessments of brittle rock. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(2):495–508
King MS, Pettitt WS, Haycox JR, Young RP (2012) Acoustic emissions associated with the formation of fracture sets in sandstone under polyaxial stress conditions. Geophys Prospect 60(1):93–102
Lei X, Kusunose K, Rao MVMS, Nishizawa O, Satoh T (2000) Quasi-static fault growth and cracking in homogeneous brittle rock under triaxial compression using acoustic emission monitoring. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 105(B3):6127–6139
Lei X, Masuda K, Nishizawa O, Jouniaux L, Liu L, Ma W, Satoh T, Kusunose K (2004) Detailed analysis of acoustic emission activity during catastrophic fracture of faults in rock. J Struct Geol 26(2):247–258
Lei X, Satoh T (2007) Indicators of critical point behavior prior to rock failure inferred from pre-failure damage. Tectonophysics 431(1):97–111
Li BQ, Gonçalves da Silva B, Einstein H (2019) Laboratory hydraulic fracturing of granite: acoustic emission observations and interpretation. Engng Fract Mech 209:200–220
Li BQ, Moradian Z, Goncalves da Silva B, Germaine JT (2015) Observations of acoustic emissions in a hydraulically loaded granite specimen. In: 49th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium, San Francisco. California. American Rock Mechanics Association, ARMA, p 7
Li T, Ma C, Zhu M, Meng L, Chen G (2017) Geomechanical types and mechanical analyses of rockbursts. Eng Geol 222:72–83
Linkov AM (1996) Rockbursts and the instability of rock masses. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 33(7):727–732
Lockner D (1993) The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 30(7):883–899
Lockner DA, Byerlee JD, Kuksenko V, Ponomarev A, Sidorin A (1992) Chapter 1 Observations of quasistatic fault growth from acoustic emissions. In: Evans B, Wong T-f (eds) International Geophysics, vol 51. Academic Press, New York, pp 3–31
Lu CP, Dou LM, Zhang N, Xue JH, Wang XN, Liu H, Zhang JW (2013) Microseismic frequency-spectrum evolutionary rule of rockburst triggered by roof fall. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 64:6–16
Manouchehrian A, Cai M (2015) Simulation of unstable rock failure under unloading conditions. Can Geotech J 53(1):22–34
Martin CD, Chandler NA (1994) The progressive fracture of Lac du Bonnet granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 31(6):643–659
McLaskey GC, Lockner DA (2018) Shear failure of a granite pin traversing a sawcut fault. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 110:97–110
Meng F, Zhou H, Wang Z, Zhang L, Kong L, Li S, Zhang C (2016) Experimental study on the prediction of rockburst hazards induced by dynamic structural plane shearing in deeply buried hard rock tunnels. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 86:210–223
Mogi K (1962) Magnitude-frequency relation for elastic shocks accompanying fractures of various materials and some related problems in earthquakes. Bull Earthq Res Inst 40:831–853
Moradian Z, Einstein HH, Ballivy G (2016) Detection of cracking levels in brittle rocks by parametric analysis of the acoustic emission signals. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(3):785–800
Moradian Z, Li BQ (2017) Hit-based acoustic emission monitoring of rock fractures: challenges and solutions. Paper presented at the Advances in Acoustic Emission Technology, Cham, pp 357–370
Nasseri MHB, Goodfellow SD, Lombos L, Young RP (2014) 3-D transport and acoustic properties of Fontainebleau sandstone during true-triaxial deformation experiments. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 69:1–18
Nelder JA, Mead R (1965) A simplex method for function minimization. Comput J 7(4):308–313
Ohnaka M, Mogi K (1982) Frequency characteristics of acoustic emission in rocks under uniaxial compression and its relation to the fracturing process to failure. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 87(B5):3873–3884
Ohno K, Ohtsu M (2010) Crack classification in concrete based on acoustic emission. Constr Build Mater 24(12):2339–2346
Ortlepp WD (2001) The behaviour of tunnels at great depth under large static and dynamic pressures. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 16(1):41–48
Ortlepp WD, Stacey TR (1994) Rockburst mechanisms in tunnels and shafts. Tunn Undergr Space Technol 9(1):59–65
Peng J, Rong G, Yao M, Wong LNY, Tang Z (2019) Acoustic emission characteristics of a fine-grained marble with different thermal damages and specimen sizes. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78(6):4479–4491
Rück M, Rahner R, Sone H, Dresen G (2017) Initiation and propagation of mixed mode fractures in granite and sandstone. Tectonophysics 717:270–283
Ren F, Zhu C, He M (2019) Moment tensor analysis of acoustic emissions for cracking mechanisms during schist strain burst. Rock Mech Rock Eng
Rodríguez P, Arab PB, Celestino TB (2016) Characterization of rock cracking patterns in diametral compression tests by acoustic emission and petrographic analysis. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 83:73–85
Sabri M, Ghazvinian A, Nejati HR (2016) Effect of particle size heterogeneity on fracture toughness and failure mechanism of rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 81:79–85
Scholz CH (1968) Experimental study of the fracturing process in brittle rock. J Geophys Res 73(4):1447–1454
Su G, Feng X, Wang J, Jiang J, Hu L (2017a) Experimental study of remotely triggered rockburst induced by a tunnel axial dynamic disturbance under true-triaxial conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50(8):2207–2226
Su G, Jiang J, Zhai S, Zhang G (2017b) Influence of tunnel axis stress on strainburst: an experimental study. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50(6):1551–1567
Su G, Shi Y, Feng X, Jiang J, Zhang J, Jiang Q (2018) True-triaxial experimental study of the evolutionary features of the acoustic emissions and sounds of rockburst processes. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(2):375–389
Su G, Zhai S, Jiang J, Zhang G, Yan L (2017c) Influence of radial stress gradient on strainbursts: an experimental study. Rock Mech Rock Eng 50(10):2659–2676
Tapponnier P, Brace WF (1976) Development of stress-induced microcracks in Westerly granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 13(4):103–112
Tarasov BG (2014) Hitherto unknown shear rupture mechanism as a source of instability in intact hard rocks at highly confined compression. Tectonophysics 621:69–84
Thompson BD, Young RP, Lockner DA (2006) Fracture in Westerly granite under AE feedback and constant strain rate loading: nucleation, quasi-static propagation, and the transition to unstable fracture propagation. Pure Appl Geophys 163(5):995–1019
Vardoulakis I (1984) Rock bursting as a surface instability phenomenon. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 21(3):137–144
Vu C-C, Amitrano D, Plé O, Weiss J (2019) Compressive failure as a critical transition: experimental evidence and mapping onto the universality class of depinning. Phys Rev Lett 122(1):015502
Wang CL (2014) Identification of early-warning key point for rockmass instability using acoustic emission/microseismic activity monitoring. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 71:171–175
Wong LNY, Xiong Q (2018) A method for multiscale interpretation of fracture processes in Carrara marble specimen containing a single flaw under uniaxial compression. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 123(8):6459–6490
Xiao YX, Feng XT, Li SJ, Feng GL, Yu Y (2016) Rock mass failure mechanisms during the evolution process of rockbursts in tunnels. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 83:174–181
Zhai S, Su G, Yin S, Zhao B, Yan L (2020) Rockburst characteristics of several hard brittle rocks: a true triaxial experimental study. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng
Zhang C, Feng X-T, Zhou H, Qiu S, Wu W (2012) Case histories of four extremely intense rockbursts in deep tunnels. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45(3):275–288
Zhao F, He MC (2017) Size effects on granite behavior under unloading rockburst test. Bull Eng Geol Environ 76(3):1183–1197
Zhao XG, Cai M, Wang J, Li PF, Ma LK (2015) Objective determination of crack initiation stress of brittle rocks under compression using AE measurement. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(6):2473–2484
Zhao XG, Cai M, Wang J, Ma LK (2013) Damage stress and acoustic emission characteristics of the Beishan granite. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 64:258–269
Zhao XG, Wang J, Cai M, Cheng C, Ma LK, Su R, Zhao F, Li DJ (2014) Influence of unloading rate on the strainburst characteristics of Beishan granite under true-triaxial unloading conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 47(2):467–483
Zubelewicz A, Mróz Z (1983) Numerical simulation of rock burst processes treated as problems of dynamic instability. Rock Mech Rock Eng 16(4):253–274
Funding
This study is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51869003.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhai, S., Su, G., Yin, S. et al. Fracture evolution during rockburst under true-triaxial loading using acoustic emission monitoring. Bull Eng Geol Environ 79, 4957–4974 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01858-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-020-01858-z