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Water quality trends in the Tarkwa gold-mining district, Ghana

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Abstract

A detailed hydrochemical investigation has been undertaken to establish whether mining has adversely affected streams in the Tarkwa gold-mining district and, if so, to what extent. The results show that streams that pass through mining areas and receive mine water exhibit significant spatial and temporal variations in their major ion hydrochemistry. Water analyses of perceived pristine areas reveal that the study area has undergone silicate weathering, but in mining areas, carbonate weathering was inferred. The inconsistency is attributed to the chemistry of mine waters discharging into receiving streams. This is supported by the average pH values of 6.48 for pristine streams and 7.74 for those affected by mine water. Trace element analysis did not show significant changes from the norm except for discharges from a spoil heap, which exhibited hydrochemical characteristics consistent with acid mine drainage. Saturation indices determined for the water samples reflect the sandstone–quartzite–phyllite lithology and intense weathering regime of the area as a result of the humid tropical climate.

Résumé

Une étude hydrochimique détaillée a été réalisée pour savoir si les opérations minières avaient pollué les cours d’eau du district minier aurifère de Tarkwa, et si oui de quelle façon. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que les cours d’eau qui traversent les secteurs d’exploitation et reçoivent des eaux minières présentent des minéralisations significativement variables le long de leurs parcours ainsi qu’au cours du temps. Les analyses d’eau de zones reconnues comme non affectées par l’exploitation minière montrent des altérations silicatées alors que des altérations carbonatées sont reconnues dans les zones minières. L’explication de ces résultats réside dans la composition chimique des eaux minières rejoignant les cours d’eau. En effet la valeur moyenne de pH est de 6,5 pour les cours d’eau non affectés par l’exploitation minière et de 7,7 pour ceux qui sont affectés par les eaux de mine. L’analyse des éléments trace n’a pas montré de variations particulières sauf pour des eaux issues d’une verse à stériles qui présentaient des caractéristiques hydrochimiques témoignant du processus de drainage acide minier. Les indices de saturation déterminés sur les échantillons d’eau rendent compte du contexte géologique où sont présents des grès, des quartzites et des phyllites ainsi que du cadre climatique tropical humide.

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Correspondence to Jerry S. Kuma.

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Kuma, J.S., Younger, P.L. Water quality trends in the Tarkwa gold-mining district, Ghana. Bull Eng Geol Environ 63, 119–132 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-004-0227-8

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