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Role of Quaternary glacial-outburst megaflood paleochannel deposits in a basalt-dominated aquifer system in the West Plains area of eastern Washington, USA

Rôle des dépôts de paléochenaux de mégacrues du Quaternaire dans un système aquifère dominé par des basaltes dans la région des Plaines Occidentales de l’est de Washington, Etats-unis d’Amérique

Papel de los depósitos glaciares de desborde en paleocanales del cuaternario en un sistema acuífero dominado por basaltos en el área de los West Plains del este de Washington, EEUU

USA美国华盛顿州东部的西平原地区第四纪冰川喷发的史前大洪水古河道沉积物在玄武岩为主的含水层系统中的作用

Papel dos depósitos de uma mega inundação de um paleocanal de avanço glacial do Quaternário em um sistema aquífero dominado por basalto na área das Planícies do Oeste, no leste de Washington, EUA

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Abstract

Approximately 2 km2 of sand- and gravel-rich Pleistocene glacial-outburst megaflood sediment has accumulated in a series of five subparallel paleochannels that are an important component of a basalt-dominated aquifer system on the semiarid, ~450-km2 West Plains area. Located near Spokane, Washington (USA), the West Plains paleochannel deposits have been used for artificial storage and recovery wells and for planned and passive stormwater disposal in this rapidly growing area. Recent recognition of perfluorooctanoic acid contamination and excessive drawdowns have led to the closure of multiple municipal wells on the West Plains, highlighting the challenges of developing a sustainable groundwater supply in this complex aquifer system. Geologic and hydrogeologic data, from more than 1,400 water-well reports, surface exposures, existing groundwater geochemistry reports, and modeling, reveal the interconnections between the paleochannel deposits and surrounding basalt flows in three dimensions (3D). Initially incised into the Miocene Columbia River Basalt and excavated by Pleistocene glacial-outburst megaflooding, the West Plains paleochannels are projected in unprecedented 3D. This study’s modeled interactions between the more highly hydraulically conductive (100×) paleochannel sedimentary deposits and surrounding basalt beds provide insight into 14C ages and tritium values that had been measured previously. Sediment-filled closed depressions at the bases of the paleochannels, which are features likely formed by turbulent bursts (‘kolks’) during peak megaflood flows, are potentially promising groundwater storage sites. However, because of the relatively higher permeability of the unconfined paleochannel deposits, the closed depressions also are potential conduits for infiltration of contamination to deeper parts of the aquifer system.

Résumé

Environ 2 km2 de sédiments de mégacrues glaciaires riches en sables et graviers du Pléistocène se sont accumulés dans des séries de cinq paléochenaux subparallèles qui constituent une composante importante du système aquifère dominé par le basalte dans la région semiaride des Plaines Occidentales couvrant quelques 450 km2. Les dépôts de paléochenaux des Plaines Occidentales localisées près de Spokane, Washington (Etats-Unis d’Amérique) ont été utilisés pour du stockage souterrain par recharge artificielle et pour une gestion planifiée et passive des eaux d’orage dans cette zone à croissance rapide. La reconnaissance récente de contamination à l’acide perfluorooctanoique et des prélèvements excessifs ont conduit à la fermeture de plusieurs puits dans des champs captants municipaux dans les Plaines Occidentales, mettant en évidence les défis liés à l’exploitation d’une alimentation durable en eaux souterraines dans ce système aquifère complexe. Les données géologiques et hydrogéologiques, provenant de plus de 1,400 rapports de puits d’eau, de pressions de surface, de rapports de la géochimie des eaux souterraines et de modélisation, révèlent les interconnexions entre les dépôts sédimentaires des paléochenaux et les écoulements dans le basalte environnant en trois dimensions (3D). Les paléochenaux des Plaines Occidentales, initialement incisés dans le basalte de la rivière Columbia au Miocène et excavés lors de mégacrues glaciaires au Pléistocène, sont représentés pour la première fois en 3D. Les interactions modélisées de cette étude entre les dépôts sédimentaires des paléochenaux caractérisés par la plus forte conductivité hydraulique (100×) et les lits de basalte environnants donnent un aperçu des âges de 14C et des valeurs de tritium qui avaient été mesurées précédemment. Les dépressions fermées remplies de sédiments à la base des paléochenaux, qui sont le résultat vraisemblablement d’épisodes turbulents (‘kolks’) au cours des pics des mégacrues, sont potentiellement des sites prometteurs pour le stockage d’eau en aquifère. Cependant, à cause de la relative forte perméabilité des dépôts des paléochenaux non confinés, les dépressions fermées constituent également de potentiels chemins d’écoulement préférentiel de contaminants vers les parties plus profondes du système aquifère.

Resumen

Aproximadamente 2 km2 de sedimentos glaciales ricos en arena y grava del Pleistoceno se han acumulado en una serie de cinco paleocanales subparalelos que son un componente importante de un sistema acuífero dominado por basaltos en un área semiárida de ~450 km2 en las West Plains. Los depósitos de los paleocanales de West Plains, situados cerca de Spokane, Washington (EEUU), se han utilizado para el almacenamiento artificial y pozos de recuperación y para una eliminación planificada y pasiva de aguas pluviales en esta zona de rápido crecimiento. El reciente reconocimiento de la contaminación por ácido perfluorooctanoico y la explotación excesiva han llevado al cierre de múltiples pozos municipales en las West Plains, lo que pone de relieve los desafíos de desarrollar un suministro sostenible de agua subterránea en este complejo sistema acuífero. Los datos geológicos e hidrogeológicos, de más de 1,400 informes de pozos de agua, las exposiciones en superficie, informes geoquímicos existentes sobre aguas subterráneas y modelación, revelan las interconexiones entre los depósitos de los paleocanales y los flujos en el basalto circundante en tres dimensiones (3D). Los paleocanales de West Plains, inicialmente excavados en el Mioceno Columbia River Basalt y cortados en el Pleistoceno, se proyectan en un modelo 3D sin antecedentes. Las interacciones modeladas en este estudio entre los depósitos sedimentarios de paleocanales más altamente conductores hidráulicamente (100×) y las capas de basalto circundantes proporcionan información sobre las edades de 14C y los valores de tritio que se habían medido previamente. Las depresiones cerradas rellenas de sedimentos en las bases de los paleocanales, que son probablemente formadas por característicos desbordes (“kolks”) durante los picos de flujo de inundaciones extremas, son sitios de almacenamiento de agua subterránea potencialmente prometedores. Sin embargo, debido a la permeabilidad relativamente mayor de los depósitos paleocanales no confinados, las depresiones cerradas también son conductos potenciales para la infiltración de la contaminación a partes más profundas del sistema acuífero.

摘要

大约2 km2的富含砂和砾石的更新世冰川喷发的史前大洪水沉积物已堆积在一系列五个平行的古河道中, 这是半干旱大约450 km2西平原地区以玄武岩为主的含水层系统的重要组成部分。位于美国华盛顿州Spokane附近的西平原古河道沉积物已在这个快速增长地区被用于人工存储和回收井, 以及规划和被动的暴雨处置地。最近对全氟辛酸污染的认识和过大的水位降深导致西平原上多个市政井的关闭, 突显了在这种复杂的含水层系统中开发可持续的地下水供水量所面临的挑战。来自1,400多个水井报告, 地表露头, 现有地下水地球化学报告和建模的地质和水文地质数据揭示了古河道沉积物与周围玄武岩流动之间的三维(3D)相互联系。最初由中新世哥伦比亚河玄武岩切割而成, 并由更新世的冰川喷发史前大洪水挖空, 西平原古河道以前所未有的3D投影方式进行投影。这项研究对较高水力传导率(100 × )的古河道沉积物与周围的玄武岩床之间的相互作用进行了建模, 从而可以深入了解先前测量的14C年龄和氚值。古河道底部的充满泥沙的封闭洼地可能是由史前大洪水高峰期的湍流爆发(“巨石”)形成的特征, 是潜在的地下水储存场所。但是, 由于无压的古河道沉积物相对较高的渗透性, 封闭的漏斗也是污染物运移到含水层系统较深部分的潜在管道。

Resumo

Aproximadamente 2 km2 de sedimento de um mega fluxo rico em areia e cascalho do Pleistoceno acumulou em uma série de cinco paleocanais subparalelos, que são um componente importante de um sistema aquífero dominado por basalto na área semiárida de ~450 km2 das Planícies do Oeste. Localizados próximo de Spokane, Washington (EUA), os depósitos dos paleocanais das Planícies do Oeste têm sido utilizados para armazenamento artificial e recuperação de poços, e para disposição planejada e passiva de águas pluviais, nesta área de rápido crescimento. O reconhecimento recente da contaminação com ácido perfluorooctanóico e os excessivos rebaixamentos levou ao fechamento de vários poços municipais das Planícies do Oeste, destacando os desafios do desenvolvimento de um abastecimento sustentável de água subterrânea neste complexo sistema aquífero. Dados geológicos e hidrogeológicos, de mais de 1400 relatórios de poços de água, exposições de superfície, relatórios geoquímicos de águas subterrâneas existentes e modelagem, revelam as interconexões entre os depósitos de paleocanais e os fluxos de basalto circundantes em três dimensões (3D). Inicialmente incisados no Basalto do Mioceno do Rio Columbia e escavados por mega inundação de um paleocanal de avanço glacial do Pleistoceno, os paleocanais das Planícies do Oeste são projetados em nunca vistas 3D. As interações modeladas deste estudo entre os depósitos sedimentares de paleocanais altamente mais condutivos hidraulicamente (100×) e leitos de basalto circundantes fornecem informações sobre as idades 14C e os valores de trítio medidos anteriormente. Depressões fechadas preenchidas de sedimentos nas bases dos paleocanais, que são características provavelmente formadas por rajadas turbulentas (‘kolks’) durante os picos de fluxos de mega inundações, são locais de armazenamento de águas subterrâneas potencialmente promissores. No entanto, devido à permeabilidade relativamente mais alta dos depósitos paleocanais não confinados, as depressões fechadas também são potenciais condutos para a infiltração de contaminação em partes mais profundas do sistema aquífero.

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Acknowledgements

Franklin (Nick) Foit and Owen Neill conducted ash analysis, and Scott Burroughs assisted with XRF analysis, at the Washington State University Peter Hooper Memorial GeoAnalytical Laboratory. EWU undergraduate students Zach Arm, Sim Gosal, and Austin Ulakovich assisted with sample preparation for XRF analyses and Derek de Haas and Lourdes Garcia with field assistance. Robert Lindsay from Spokane County Water Resources also assisted with this project. Some water well locations were provided by Linda McCollum and Mike Hamilton. Reviews of this manuscript by Dr. John Buchanan, Dr. Steve Reidel, Dr. Richard Waitt, Dr. Paul Lindholdt, Mark Henry and others were greatly appreciated and greatly added to the quality of this report.

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Funding is appreciated by Washington State Department of Ecology and Spokane County Division of Utilities, WRIA 54 grants, and from Eastern Washington University.

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Pritchard, C.J., Gaylord, D.R., Adams, D.B. et al. Role of Quaternary glacial-outburst megaflood paleochannel deposits in a basalt-dominated aquifer system in the West Plains area of eastern Washington, USA. Hydrogeol J 28, 921–939 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02100-1

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