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Construction of a conceptual model for confined groundwater flow in the Gunii Khooloi Basin, Southern Gobi Region, Mongolia

Elaboration d’un modèle conceptuel des écoulements souterrains dans le bassin de Gunii Khooloi, région du Sud de Gobi, Mongolie

Construcción de un modelo conceptual para el flujo de aguas subterráneas confinadas en la cuenca del Gunii Khooloi, Región del Gobi Meridional, Mongolia

蒙古南部戈壁Gunii Khooloi盆地承压地下水流概念模型的构建

Construção de um modelo conceitual para fluxo de águas subterrâneas confinadas na Bacia de Gunii Khooloi, Região do Sudeste de Gobi, Mongólia

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Abstract

Groundwater plays a vital role in the arid Southern Gobi Region (SGR) of Mongolia. It is the only source of water supply and is largely utilized for mining operations, such as those at Oyu Tolgoi Mine. The area is expected to face severe water shortages for mining and drinking water, which may be related to changes in groundwater recharge due to climate change. Understanding the geochemical evolution of groundwater and recharge mechanisms is thus paramount for water resource management. In this study, for the first time, chemical and isotopic approaches have been used to characterize the groundwater origin and its associated recharge processes in the Gunii Khooloi basin, which is located in the SGR. Shallow groundwater is mainly characterized by Na(HCO3) and NaCl type; however, Gunii Khooloi aquifer is classified as NaCl type with high electrical conductivity. The stable isotope composition of the water in the deep Cretaceous confined aquifer shows depletion in 2H and 18O relative to modern rainfall and the Quaternary shallow aquifer, which indicates a weak interaction between the two aquifers. Modern groundwater was identified in the shallow streambed aquifer, probably due to the direct infiltration of rainfall. On the other hand, 14C ages in the deep groundwater range from 2,800 to 33,500 years, which suggests that this is paleowater that was recharged during the glacial age. The results indicate that there is a need for strategic groundwater management in the Gunii Khooloi basin.

Résumé

L’eau souterraine joue un rôle vital dans la région aride du Sud du Gobi (RSG) en Mongolie. Elle constitue la seule source d’approvisionnement en eau et est largement utilisée pour les activités minières, telles que celles autour de la mine d’Oyu Tolgoi. Il est anticipé que ce secteur soit impacté par de sérieuses pénuries d’eau pour la mine et pour l’alimentation potable, qui pourraient être liées à des modifications de la recharge des nappes causées par le changement climatique. La compréhension de l’évolution chimique des eaux souterraines et des mécanismes de recharge est donc essentielle pour la gestion de ces ressources en eau. Dans le cadre cette étude, pour la première fois, des approches chimique et isotopique ont été mises en œuvre pour caractériser l’origine des eaux souterraines et les processus de recharge associés dans le bassin de Gunii Khooloi, situé dans la RSG. La nappe superficielle est caractérisée essentiellement par des eaux de type Na(HCO3) et NaCl ; cependant, les eaux de l’aquifère de Gunii Khooloi sont de type NaCl avec des conductivités électriques élevées. La signature des isotopes stables des eaux de l’aquifère crétacé captif profond présente des valeurs appauvries en 2H and 18O par rapport aux pluies actuelles et à l’aquifère superficiel quaternaire, indiquant la faible interaction entre les deux aquifères. Des eaux souterraines récentes ont été identifiées dans l’aquifère alluvial superficiel, probablement en lien avec une infiltration directe de la pluie. D’autre part, les âges 14C des eaux souterraines profondes sont compris entre 2,800 et 33,500 ans, ce qui suggère qu’il s’agit d’eau ancienne rechargée lors de la période glaciaire. Ces résultats indiquent la nécessité d’une gestion stratégique des eaux souterraines dans le bassin de Gunii Khooloi.

Resumen

El agua subterránea desempeña un papel vital en la región árida del Gobi Meridional (SGR) en Mongolia. Es la única fuente de suministro de agua y se utiliza en gran medida para operaciones mineras, como las de la mina Oyu Tolgoi. Se prevé que la zona se enfrentará a una grave escasez de agua para la minería y el agua potable, que puede estar relacionada con los cambios en la recarga del agua subterránea debido al cambio climático. Comprender la evolución geoquímica del agua subterránea y los mecanismos de recarga es, por lo tanto, fundamental para la gestión de los recursos hídricos. En este estudio, por primera vez, se han utilizado enfoques químicos e isotópicos para caracterizar el origen del agua subterránea y sus procesos de recarga asociados en la cuenca de Gunii Khooloi, que se encuentra en la SGR. Las aguas subterráneas poco profundas se caracterizan principalmente por ser de tipo Na(HCO3) y NaCl; sin embargo, el acuífero Gunii Khooloi está clasificado como tipo NaCl con alta conductividad eléctrica. La composición isotópica estable del agua en el acuífero confinado profundo del Cretácico muestra un empobrecimiento en 2H and 18O en relación con las precipitaciones modernas y el acuífero poco profundo del Cuaternario, lo que indica una débil interacción entre los dos acuíferos. Se identificó agua subterránea moderna en el acuífero del lecho del arroyo, probablemente debido a la infiltración directa de las lluvias. Por otro lado, las edades de 14C en las aguas subterráneas profundas oscilan entre 2,800 y 33,500 años, lo que sugiere que se trata de una paleoagua que fue recargada durante la era glacial. Los resultados indican que es necesaria una gestión estratégica de las aguas subterráneas en la cuenca del Gunii Khooloi.

摘要

地下水在蒙古南部戈壁地区(SGR)起着重要作用。它是唯一的供水来源, 主要用于采矿, 例如Oyu Tolgoi矿。由于气候变化引起的地下水补给条件变化,该地区将面临严重的采矿和饮用水方面的缺水问题。因此了解地下水的地球化学演化和补给机制对于水资源管理至关重要。该研究首次应用化学和同位素方法来描述位于SGR的Gunii Khooloi盆地的地下水来源及其相关的补给过程。浅层地下水主要以Na(HCO3)和NaCl型为主;然而Gunii Khooloi含水层地下水被归类为具有高导电性的NaCl类型水。相对于现代降雨和第四纪浅层含水层,深层白垩纪承压含水层中水的稳定同位素组成中2H和18O衰减,反映两个含水层间的水力联系较弱。可能由于降雨的直接入渗影响, 浅层河床含水层中发现了现代地下水。同时深层地下水中14C年龄在2,800至33,500年, 说明这是在冰川时期补给的古水。整个研究表明Gunii Khooloi盆地需要进行战略性地下水管理。

Resumo

As águas subterrâneas desempenham um papel vital na região árida do sudeste de Gobi (RSG) da Mongólia. Essa é a única fonte de fornecimento de água e é amplamente utilizado para as operações em minas, como aquelas na mina Oyu Tolgoi. É esperado que a área enfrente uma escassez severa de água para mineração e abastecimento, que pode estar relacionado com as mudanças na recarga das águas subterrâneas devido às mudanças climáticas. Entender a evolução geoquímica das águas subterrâneas e os mecanismos de recarga são, assim, parâmetro para o gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos. Nesse estudo, pela primeira vez, as abordagens químicas e isotópicas foram utilizadas para caracterizar a origem das águas subterrâneas e seus processos de recarga associados na Bacia de Gunii Khooloi, que está localizada na RSG. Águas subterrâneas rasas são caracterizadas principalmente por tipos Na(HCO3) e NaCl ; entretanto, o aquífero Gunii Khooloi é classificado como tipo NaCl com alta condutividade elétrica. A composição dos isótopos estáveis da água no aquífero profundo confinado do Cretáceo mostra depleção em 2H e 18O relativo à precipitação moderna e aos aquíferos rasos do Quaternário, que indicam uma interação fraca entre os dois aquíferos. Águas subterrâneas modernas foram identificadas em aquífero com pouca profundidade, provavelmente pela infiltração direta da precipitação. Por outro lado, as idades de 14C em águas subterrâneas profundas variam de 2,800 à 33,500 anos, o que sugere que se trata de água paleolítica que foi recarregada durante a era glacial. Os resultados indicam que existe a necessidade de gerenciamento estratégico das águas subterrâneas na Bacia de Gunii Khooloi.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Oyu Tolgoi Mine’s hydrogeologist P. Uuganbayar for help and advice during this study, and we thank his team in the Oyu Tolgoi mine for giving us the opportunity to collect water samples from deep production wells of the Gunii Khooloi aquifer. We thank editor Martin Appold, associate editor Randy Scotler, technical editorial advisor Sue Duncan and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions, comments and kind corrections.

Funding

The Authors are grateful to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for granting the first author a study fellowship (“KIZUNA” project) to carry out his doctorate research work at Tohoku University, Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geology and Mining Engineering, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar, 14191, Mongolia

    Batdemberel Bayanzul

  2. Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan

    Batdemberel Bayanzul, Kengo Nakamura, Noriaki Watanabe & Takeshi Komai

  3. Groundwater research group, Geological Survey of Japan, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan

    Isao Machida

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Bayanzul, B., Nakamura, K., Machida, I. et al. Construction of a conceptual model for confined groundwater flow in the Gunii Khooloi Basin, Southern Gobi Region, Mongolia. Hydrogeol J 27, 1581–1596 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01955-8

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