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Hydrogeology of a weathered fractured aquifer system near Gitega, Burundi

Hydrogéologie d’un système aquifère fracturé altéré près de Gitega, Burundi

Hidrogeología de un sistema acuífero fracturado alterado cerca de Gitega, Burundi

布隆迪Gitega附近风化断裂含水层系统的水文地质状况

Hidrogeologia de um sistema aquífero fraturado por intemperismo próximo a Gitega, Burundi

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Abstract

The domestic water supply of Burundi is mainly based on some 25,000 springs that provide water through gravity systems. These systems have their natural limitation and cannot respond to future domestic water needs caused by the enormous annual population growth. An estimate of the quantity and quality of groundwater resources in the crystalline and metamorphic hard-rock environment, with strongly variable weathering features, is a prerequisite to ensure future water supply from groundwater resources. The hydrogeology of the Nyanzari aquifer system, which is used for the water supply of the city of Gitega in central Burundi, has been investigated with the aim of understanding aquifer characteristics. Results indicate that weathering of the metamorphic basement rocks has led to the development of two-staged aquifers: a deeper fractured aquifer in the saprock, covered by a shallow saprolite aquifer. This shallow aquifer is fed directly by precipitation and discharges at numerous small overflow springs along the valley edges. In general, the discharge of the springs shows seasonal variation patterns with maxima shortly after the rainy season similar to those of the hydraulic heads measured in the saprock aquifer. Groundwater management in the Nyanzari wellfield is partly unsustainable since abstraction is temporarily higher than recharge, even if, so far, periods of over-abstraction have been compensated by later rainy seasons. The lessons learned concerning the behaviour of the strongly weathered fractured aquifer system in Nyanzari will help to develop and manage comparable groundwater resources in Burundi.

Résumé

La majorité de l’approvisionnement en eau des populations Burundaises est basée sur les 25,000 sources captées par système gravitaire. Ces systèmes, par leur limitation quantitative naturelle, ne peuvent pas répondre aux futurs besoins en eau causées par l’accroissement important de la population. L’estimation quantitative et qualitative de la ressource en eau souterraine dans un environnement de roches cristallines et métamorphiques avec des facies d’altération très variable est une précondition pour assurer le fonctionnement des futurs systèmes d’approvisionnement par l’exploitation des eaux souterraines. L’hydrogéologie du système aquifère de Nyanzari, utilisé pour l’adduction en eau potable de la ville de Gitega, situé au centre du Burundi, a été étudié avec pour but la compréhension des caractéristiques de l’aquifère. Les résultats indiquent que l’altération issue de la roche métamorphique sous-jacente se caractérise par deux niveaux aquifères, un aquifère profond dans le saprock recouvert par un aquifère saprolite peu profond. Cet aquifère peu profond est alimenté directement par les précipitations et se déverse à travers de nombreuses petites sources le long de la bordure de la vallée. En générale, le débit des sources présente une tendance à la variation saisonnière avec un maximum juste après la saison des pluies, similaire à celle rencontrée pour la charge hydraulique mesurée dans l’aquifère profond (saprock). La gestion des eaux souterraines du champ captant de Nyanzari est partiellement non pérenne du fait du prélèvement supérieur à la recharge à certaines époques, même si, jusqu’à présent, les périodes de prélèvement excédentaire ont été compensées par les saisons des pluies ultérieures. Les enseignements tirés concernant le comportement du système aquifère fracturé et fortement altéré de Nyanzari vont aider à développer et gérer les ressources en eau souterraine au Burundi dans un environnement comparable.

Resumen

El suministro de agua potable de Burundi se basa principalmente en unos 25,000 manantiales que proporcionan agua a través de sistemas gravitatorios. Estos sistemas, limitados por naturaleza, no lograrán responder a las futuras necesidades de agua potable causadas por el enorme crecimiento anual de la población. Estimar la cantidad y la calidad del agua subterránea, en un entorno de rocas duras y metamórficas con alteraciones variables, es un requisito necesario para garantizar el funcionamiento futuro de sistemas de suministro a través de agua subterránea. La hidrogeología del sistema acuífero Nyanzari, utilizado para el suministro de agua de la ciudad de Gitega en el centro de Burundi, fue investigado con la finalidad de comprender sus características. Los resultados muestran que la alteración de las rocas metamórficas del basamento ha llevado al desarrollo de dos acuíferos superpuestos: un acuífero fracturado profundo cubierto por un acuífero saprolítico superficial. Este acuífero poco profundo es directamente alimentado por las precipitaciones y descarga en numerosos manantiales a lo largo de los bordes de los valles. En general, la descarga de los manatiales muestran variaciones estacionales con máximos registrados poco después de la estación lluviosa, semejantes a las de las cargas hidráulicas medidas en el acuífero profundo (saprock). La gestión del agua subterránea en el campo de pozos de Nyanzari es en parte insostenible, ya que la extracción es temporariamente superior a la recarga, incluso si, como ha ocurrido hasta ahora, los períodos de sobre explotación han sido compensados por estaciones lluviosas posteriores. Las lecciones aprendidas respecto al comportamiento del sistema acuífero fuertemente erosionado de Nyanzari ayudarán a desarrollar y gestionar recursos de agua subterránea comparables en Burundi.

摘要

布隆迪的家庭供水主要基于25,000个泉,这些泉通过重力系统提供水。这些系统有天然的局限性,不能满足未来每年众多人口增长导致的家庭用水需求。估算具有强烈变化的风化特点的结晶岩和变质岩硬岩环境中地下水资源的数量和质量对于确保未来地下水资源的供水必不可少。Nyanzari含水层系统用于布隆迪中部Gitega市的供水,对其水文地质状况进行了调查,目的就是了解含水层的特征。结果表明,变质基岩的风化导致两级含水层的发育:腐泥岩中的深层断裂含水层,上覆浅层腐泥土含水层。浅层含水层直接受降水和沿山谷边缘众多的小溢流泉的补给。总的来说,泉的排泄显示出季节性变化模式,最大补给出现在雨季之后不久,类似于腐泥岩含水层测量的水头变化模式。Nyanzari井场地下水管理一定程度上无法持续,因为抽水量暂时超过补给量,尽管到目前为止,超采期都能在后来的雨季得到补偿。从Nyanzari强烈风化断裂含水层系统的习性中得出的经验教训有助于开发和管理布隆迪的可比地下水资源。

Resumo

O abastecimento doméstico de água em Burundi é baseado principalmente em cerca de 25,000 nascentes que fornecem água através de sistemas de gravidade. Esses sistemas têm sua limitação natural e não podem responder às futuras necessidades domésticas de água causadas pelo enorme crescimento anual da população. Uma estimativa da quantidade e qualidade dos recursos de água subterrânea no ambiente de rocha dura cristalina e metamórfica, com características de intemperismo fortemente variáveis, é um pré-requisito para assegurar o futuro abastecimento de água a partir dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos. A hidrogeologia do sistema aquífero Nyanzari, que é usado para o abastecimento de água da cidade de Gitega, no centro de Burundi, foi investigada com o objetivo de compreender as características do aquífero. Os resultados indicam que o intemperismo das rochas do embasamento metamórfico levou ao desenvolvimento de dois aquíferos em estágios: um aquífero fraturado mais profundo no fundo, coberto por um aquífero saprolítico raso. Este aquífero raso é alimentado diretamente por precipitação e descargas em numerosas pequenas fontes de extravasamento ao longo das bordas do vale. Em geral, a descarga das nascentes mostra padrões sazonais de variação com máximos logo após a estação chuvosa, semelhantes aos das cargas hidráulicas medidas no aquífero saprolítico. A gestão das águas subterrâneas no poço de Nyanzari é parcialmente insustentável, uma vez que a captação é temporariamente maior que a recarga, mesmo que, até o momento, os períodos de sobrebombeamento tenham sido compensados ​​pelas estações chuvosas posteriores. As lições aprendidas sobre o comportamento do sistema aquífero fraturado fortemente intemperizado em Nyanzari ajudarão a desenvolver e gerenciar recursos de águas subterrâneas comparáveis em Burundi.

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to Désiré Miburo for his support during field work and Torsten Krekeler for the execution of the tracer tests.

Funding

We appreciate the financial support from the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), project No. BMZ PN 2009.2040.5.

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Correspondence to Sara Vassolo.

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Vassolo, S., Neukum, C., Tiberghien, C. et al. Hydrogeology of a weathered fractured aquifer system near Gitega, Burundi. Hydrogeol J 27, 625–637 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1877-0

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