Abstract
The hydrodynamic processes and impacts exerted by river–groundwater transformation need to be studied at regional and catchment scale, especially with respect to diverse geology and lithology. This work adopted an integrated method to study four typical modes (characterized primarily by lithology, flow subsystems, and gaining/losing river status) and the associated hydrodynamic processes and ecological impacts in the southern part of Junggar Basin, China. River–groundwater transformation occurs one to four times along the basin route. For mode classification, such transformation occurs: once or twice, controlled by lithological factors (mode 1); twice, impacted by geomorphic features and lithological structures (mode 2); and three or four times, controlled by both geological and lithological structures (modes 3 and 4). Results also suggest: (1) there exist local and regional groundwater flow subsystems at ~400 m depth, which form a multistage nested groundwater flow system. The groundwater flow velocities are 0.1–1.0 and <0.1 m/day for each of two subsystems; (2) the primary groundwater hydro-chemical type takes on apparent horizontal and vertical zoning characteristics, and the TDS of the groundwater evidently increases along the direction of groundwater flow, driven by hydrodynamic processes; (3) the streams, wetland and terminal lakes are the end-points of the local and regional groundwater flow systems. This work indicates that not only are groundwater and river water derived from the same source, but also hydrodynamic and hydro-chemical processes and ecological effects, as a whole in arid areas, are controlled by stream–groundwater transformation.
Résumé
Les processus hydrodynamiques et impacts exercés par les transformations sur les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines doivent être étudiés à l’échelle régionale et à l’échelle du bassin versant, en particulier en ce qui concerne la géologie et la lithologie. Ce travail a adopté une méthode intégrée pour étudier quatre modalités typiques (caractérisées premièrement par la lithologie, les flux des sous-systèmes, et les états de pertes/gains de la rivière) et les processus hydrodynamiques associés et impacts écologiques dans la partie sud du bassin de Junggar, Chine. La transformation des eaux de rivières et des eaux souterraines prennent place une à quatre fois le long du cours d’eau. Pour les modalités de classification, les transformations suivantes prennent place: une à deux fois, le contrôle se fait par les facteurs lithologiques (mode 1); deux fois, impactées par les caractéristiques géomorphologiques et les structures lithologiques (mode 2); et trois ou quatre fois, la géologie et les structures lithologiques assurent le contrôle (modalités 3 et 4). Les résultats suggèrent aussi: (1) il existe des sous-systèmes d’écoulements d’eaux souterraines locaux et régionaux à ~400 m de profondeur, qui constituent un système d’écoulement d’eaux souterraines emboîté multi-étagé. Les vitesses d’écoulements d’eaux souterraines sont de 0.1–1.0 et <0.1 m/jour pour chacun des deux sous-systèmes; (2) le premier type hydrochimique des eaux souterraines est associé à des caractéristiques de zonation horizontale et verticale apparente, et le TDS des eaux souterraines augmente le long des directions des écoulements d’eaux souterraines, du fait des processus hydrodynamiques; (3) les cours d’eau, zones humides et lacs sont les exutoires des systèmes des écoulements souterrains locaux et régionaux. Ce travail indique que non seulement les eaux souterraines et les rivières proviennent d’une même source, mais également que l’hydrodynamique et les processus hydrochimiques et effets écologiques, dans cette zone aride en général, sont contrôlés par les transformations des relations entre eaux de rivière et eaux souterraines.
Resumen
Los procesos hidrodinámicos y los impactos ejercidos por la transformación río–agua subterránea deben estudiarse a escala regional y de cuenca, especialmente con respecto a la geología y la diversidad de litología. Este trabajo adoptó un método integrado para estudiar cuatro modos típicos (caracterizados principalmente por la litología, los subsistemas de flujo y el estado ganador/perdedor del río) y los procesos hidrodinámicos asociados y los impactos ecológicos en la parte sur de la cuenca Junggar, China. La transformación río - agua subterránea ocurre de una a cuatro veces a lo largo del trayecto de la cuenca. Para la clasificación del modo, dicha transformación ocurre: una o dos veces, controlada por factores litológicos (modo 1); dos veces, impactada por características geomórficas y estructuras litológicas (modo 2); y tres o cuatro veces, controladas por estructuras geológicas y litológicas (modos 3 y 4). Los resultados también sugieren: (1) existen subsistemas de flujo de agua subterránea locales y regionales a ~400 m de profundidad, que forman un sistema de flujo de agua subterránea anidado en varias etapas. Las velocidades de flujo del agua subterránea son 0.1–1.0 y <0.1 m/día para cada uno de los dos subsistemas; (2) el tipo hidroquímico primario del agua subterránea adquiere características de aparente zonificación horizontal y vertical, y el TDS del agua subterránea evidentemente aumenta a lo largo de la dirección del flujo, impulsado por procesos hidrodinámicos; (3) las corrientes, los humedales y los lagos terminales son los puntos finales de los sistemas de flujo locales y regionales del agua subterránea. Este trabajo indica que no solo el agua subterránea y del río derivan de la misma fuente, sino que también los procesos hidrodinámicos e hidroquímicos y los efectos ecológicos, como un todo en áreas áridas, están controlados por la transformación curso de agua - agua subterránea.
摘要
河流-地下水转换引起的水动力过程和影响需要进行区域尺度和流域尺度的研究,特别是在多种地质条件和多种岩性情况下。本研究工作采取综合方法研究了中国准格尔盆地南部四种典型模式(主要特征为岩性、水流亚系统、以及袭夺河和渗失河状态)以及相关的水动力过程和生态影响。河流-地下水转换沿盆地路径出现1到4次。针对模式分类,这样的转换出现:1次或者2次由岩性控制(模式(1);2次受地貌特征及岩性构造影响(模式(2);3次或者4次,由地质和岩性构造控制(模式3和模式4)。结果还显示,1)在400米的深度存在着局部和区域地下水流亚系统,这个地下水流亚系统形成了一个多级巢状地下水流系统。两个亚系统地下水流速度为0.1–1.0和 <0.1 m/day;2)主要地下水水化学类型呈现明显的水平和 垂直分带特征,地下水中的TDS沿水动力过程驱动的地下水流方向明显增加;(3)河流、湿地和末端湖泊为局部和区域地下后随流系统的终点。本研究表明,不仅地下水和河流水来源同一个水源,而且水动力和水化学过程以及生态影响作为干旱地区的一个整体受河流-地下水转换的控制。
Resumo
Os processos e impactos hidrodinâmicos exercidos pela transformação águas subterrâneas–rio precisa ser estudado em escala de captação e regional, especialmente com respeito a geologia e litologia diversa. Esse trabalho adotou um método integrado para estudar 4 modos típicos (caracterizados primariamente pela litologia, subsistemas de fluxo, e ganho/perda da condição do rio) e os processos hidrodinâmicos associados e impactos ecológicos na parte sul da Bacia Junggar, China. Transformação de águas subterrâneas–rio ocorre de uma a quatro vezes ao longo do trajeto da bacia. Para classificação de modos, tais transformações ocorrem: uma ou duas, controlada por fatores litológicos (modo 1), duas, impactados por características geomórficas e estrutura litológica (modo 2); e terceira e quarta vez, controlada por ambas estruturas geológicas e litológicas (modos 3 e 4). Os resultados também sugerem: (1) existem subsistemas de fluxo subterrâneo local e regional à aproximadamente 400 metros de profundidade, que forma um sistema de fluxo de águas subterrâneas composto em multiestágios. As velocidades de fluxo de água subterrânea são 0.1–1.0 e <0.1 m/dia para cada subsistemas; (2) o tipo hidroquímico de água subterrânea primária assume características de zoneamento vertical e horizontal aparente, e os SDT das águas subterrâneas evidentemente aumentam pela direção do fluxo das águas subterrâneas, direcionados pelos processos hidrodinâmicos; (3) os córregos, áreas úmidas e lagos terminais são os pontos finais dos sistemas de fluxo de águas subterrâneas regionais e locais. Esse trabalho indica que existem não apenas águas subterrâneas e águas fluviais derivadas da mesma fonte, mas também processos hidrodinâmicos e hidroquímicos, e efeitos ecológicos, como um todo em áreas áridas, são controladas pela transformação corrente–águas subterrâneas.
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Funding
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1603243, No. 41230314). The analysis was also partially supported by the program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team of the Chinese Ministry of Education (IRT0811).
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Published in the special issue “Groundwater sustainability in fast-developing China”
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Wang, W., Wang, Z., Hou, R. et al. Modes, hydrodynamic processes and ecological impacts exerted by river–groundwater transformation in Junggar Basin, China. Hydrogeol J 26, 1547–1557 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1784-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-018-1784-4