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Dynamics and anthropogenic impacts of multiple karst flow systems in a mountainous area of South China

Dynamiques et impacts anthropiques de systèmes karstiques multiples d’écoulement dans une région montagneuse du Sud de la Chine

Dinámica e impactos antropogénicos de sistemas kársticos de flujos múltiples en una zona montañosa del sur de China

中国南方山区多重岩溶水流系统动力学及人类活动影响

Dinâmicas e impactos antropogênicos de múltiplos sistemas de fluxo cárstico em uma área montanhosa do sul da China

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Abstract

The Xiangxi River basin, South China, is a steep terrane with well-developed karst features and an important Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer. Meteoric water in this mountainous area features a mean δ18O elevation gradient of –2.4 ‰/km. This gradient was used to estimate mean recharge elevations of 760 m for Shuimoxi (SMX) spring, 1,060 m for Xiangshuidong (XSD) spring, and 1,430 m for drill hole ZK03, indicating multiple flow paths in the Cambrian-Ordovician karst aquifer. Mean residence times of 230 and 320 days and ∼2 years were estimated for these features, respectively, using the damped running average model that predicts the isotopic variations in groundwater from those in precipitation. Groundwater in the regional karst flow system has the longest residence time, the highest recharge elevation, the longest flow paths, the lowest addition of anthropogenic components, and the greatest amount of water–rock interaction as indicated by its higher dissolved solids, Mg2+ concentrations and Mg/Ca ratios than the springs. In contrast, the local and shallow karst flow systems respond rapidly to recharge events. Artificial tracer tests prove that these shallow karst systems can also quickly transmit anthropogenic contaminants, indicating that they are highly vulnerable to human impacts, which include the enrichment of NO3 . The intensity of water–rock interaction and groundwater vulnerability are mainly determined by the structure and dynamics of the multiple karst flow systems.

Résumé

Le bassin versant de la rivière Xiangxi, dans le Sud de la Chine, est un terrain aux fortes pentes avec des caractéristiques bien développées et un aquifère Cambrien-Ordovicien important. Les eaux météoriques dans cette région montagneuse sont caractérisées par un gradient altitudinal moyen δ18O de –2.4 ‰/km. Ce gradient a été utilisé pour estimer les altitudes moyennes de recharge de 760 m pour la source Shuimoxi (SMX), 1.600 m pour la source de Xiangshuidong (XSD) et 1.430 m pour le forage ZK03, indiquant plusieurs cheminements d’écoulement dans l’aquifère karstique Cambrien-Ordovicien. Les temps moyens de séjour de 230 et 320 jours et d’environ 2 ans ont été estimés pour ces caractéristiques, respectivement, en utilisant un modèle de moyenne mobile qui prédit les variations isotopiques dans les eaux souterraines à partir de celles dans les précipitations. Les eaux souterraines dans le système d’écoulement karstique régional a le plus long temps de séjour, l’altitude de recharge la plus élevée, les chemins d’écoulement les plus longs, l’ajout le plus faible de composants anthropiques, et la plus grande quantité d’interaction eau roche comme indiqué par ses solides dissous plus élevés, les concentrations de Mg2+ et les rapports Mg/Ca que les sources. En revanche, les systèmes d’écoulement karstiques locaux et peu profonds répondent rapidement aux événements de recharge. Des essais de traçage artificiels prouvent que les systèmes karstiques peu profonds peuvent également transmettre rapidement les contaminants anthropiques, ce qui indique qu’ils sont fortement vulnérables aux impacts humains, qui comprennent l’enrichissement en NO3 . L’intensité de l’interaction eau roche et la vulnérabilité des eaux souterraines sont principalement déterminés par la structure et la dynamique des systèmes multiples karstiques d’écoulement.

Resumen

La cuenca del río Xiangxi, sur de China, es un terrane empinado con características kársticas bien desarrolladas y un importante acuífero Cámbrico-Ordovícico. El agua meteórica en esta zona montañosa cuenta con una concentración de δ18O con un gradiente medio con la altitud de –2.4 ‰/km. Este gradiente se utilizó para estimar altitudes medias de recarga de 760 m para el manantial Shuimoxi (SMX), 1.060 m para el Xiangshuidong Spring (XSD), y 1.430 m para el pozo ZK03, lo cual indica varias trayectorias de flujo en el acuífero kárstico Cámbrico-Ordovícico. Se estimaron tiempos de residencia de 230 y 320 días y ∼ 2 años respectivamente para estas características, utilizando el modelo de media móvil amortiguado, que permite predecir las variaciones isotópicas en las aguas subterráneas a partir de aquellas de la precipitación. Las aguas subterráneas en el sistema de flujo kárstico regional tiene un tiempo de permanencia más prolongado, una mayor altitud de la recarga, trayectorias de flujo más largas, menor adición de componentes antropogénicos, y una mayor interacción agua–roca como lo indica su mayor contenido de sólidos disueltos, de las concentraciones Mg2+ y de relaciones Mg/Ca con respecto a los manantiales. Por el contrario, los sistemas de flujo locales y superficiales en el karst responden rápidamente a los eventos de recarga. Los ensayos de trazadores artificiales demuestran que estos sistemas kársticos superficiales también pueden transmitir rápidamente los contaminantes antropogénicos, lo cual indica que son altamente vulnerables a los impactos humanos, que incluyen el enriquecimiento de NO3 . La intensidad de la interacción agua–roca y la vulnerabilidad de las aguas subterráneas están determinadas principalmente por la estructura y la dinámica de los sistemas kársticos de flujos múltiples.

摘要

中国南方香溪河流域的地形陡峭、岩溶发育程度较高, 奥陶-寒武系含水层是流域内最为重要的岩溶含水层。这一山区的大气水的显著特点是平均δ18O高程坡度为–2.4 ‰/km。用这个坡度估算得出水磨溪泉的平均补给高程为760 米,响水洞泉的补给高程为1,060米,ZK03钻孔的补给高程为1,430米,表明在寒武-奥陶岩溶含水层中有多重水流通道。利用阻尼移动平均模型估算的平均滞留时间分别为230天、320天和大约2年,这个模型可通过降水中的同位素变化预测地下水中的同位素变化。区域岩溶水流系统中的地下水具有最长的滞留时间、最高的补给高程、最长的水流通道、最低的人为因素影响以及最大量的水岩相互作用,最后这一点可以通过与泉相比具有较高的溶解固体物、Mg2+含量及Mg/Ca比例显现出来。与此相反,局部和浅层岩溶水流系统对补给事件反应迅速。人工示踪剂试验证明,这些浅层岩溶系统也能迅速传输人类活动的污染物,表明它们很容易受到人类的影响,包括NO3 的富集。水岩互相作用的强度和地下水的脆弱性主要由多重岩溶水流系统的结构和动力学来决定。

Resumo

A bacia do Rio Xiangxi, sul da China, é um terreno íngreme com feições cársticas bem desenvolvidas e um importante aquífero Cambriano-Ordoviciano. A água meteórica nesta área montanhosa apresenta um gradiente de elevação médio de δ18O de –2.4 ‰/km. Este gradiente foi usado para estimar as elevações médias de recarga de 760 m para a nascente Shuimoxi (SMX), de 1.060 m para nascente Xiangshuidong (XSD) e de 1.430 m para a perfuração ZK03, indicando múltiplos caminhos de fluxo no aquífero cárstico Cambriano-Ordovinciano. O tempo de residência médio de 230 e 320 dias e de ∼2 anos foram estimados por essas feições, respectivamente, utilizando um modelo de média móvel de amortecimento que prevê as variações isotópicas nas águas subterrâneas em precipitação. As águas subterrâneas no sistema de fluxo cárstico regional tem o mais longo tempo de residência, a maior elevação de recarga, os mais longos caminhos de fluxo, as menores adições de componentes antropogênicos e a maior quantidade de interação água–rocha, como indicado pelos seus altos valores de sólidos dissolvidos, concentrações de Mg2+ e relações Mg/Ca, em comparação com as nascentes. Em contraste, os sistemas cársticos locais e mais rasos respondem rapidamente aos eventos de recarga. Testes com traçadores artificiais provam que esses sistemas cársticos rasos também podem transmitir contaminantes antropogênicos rapidamente, indicando que eles são altamente vulneráveis aos impactos humanos, que inclui o enriquecimento de NO3 . A intensidade da interação água–rocha e a vulnerabilidade das águas subterrâneas são determinadas principalmente pelas estruturas e dinâmicas dos múltiplos sistemas de fluxo cárstico.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by China Geological Survey (12120113103800) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41301548). Constructive comments were provided by Dr. Hermann Stadler and two others.

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Correspondence to Hong Zhou.

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Luo, M., Chen, Z., Criss, R.E. et al. Dynamics and anthropogenic impacts of multiple karst flow systems in a mountainous area of South China. Hydrogeol J 24, 1993–2002 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1462-3

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