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Accumulation and transport of ammonium in aquitards in the Pearl River Delta (China) in the last 10,000  years: conceptual and numerical models

Accumulation et transport d’ammonium dans des aquitards du delta de la Rivière des Perles (Chine) durant les 10,000 dernières années: modèles conceptuels et numériques

Transporte y acumulación de amonio en acuitardos en el Delta del Río Pearl (China) en los últimos 10,000 años: modelos conceptual y numérico

过去10000 年来珠江三角洲(中国)弱透水层中铵的积累和运移:概念模型和数值模拟

Acumulação e transporte de amónio em aquitardos no Delta do Rio Pearl (China) nos últimos 10,000 anos: modelos concetuais e numéricos

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Abstract

Generation, accumulation and migration of ammonium in the coastal aquifer-aquitard system of the Pearl River Delta, China, are a result of complex and long-term processes including sea-level changes, shoreline migration, sedimentation, decomposition of organic matter, solute-transport processes, and chemical reaction during the Holocene. Simulation of long-term ammonium distribution is not well addressed in the literature due to the difficulties in quantifying the complex geochemical processes. Salinity and ammonium profiles in the aquitards at two typical sites were obtained from geochemical analyses of soil and water samples. One-dimensional numerical models were used to integrate present knowledge of stratigraphy, historical evolution of the geological system during the Holocene, and the processes related to the generation and migration of ammonium. The ammonium generation and accumulation were approximated by an exponential function, and a moving boundary condition was used to reflect the sea-level changes during the Holocene. The observed salinity profiles were used to estimate flow and dispersion parameters, then the observed ammonium profiles were used to estimate the reactive parameters related to ammonium generation. The reasonably good match between the simulated and observed results demonstrates that the models can capture the dominant processes that control the generation and movement of ammonium.

Résumé

La genèse, l’accumulation et la migration d’ammonium dans le système d’aquitards côtier du delta de la Rivière des Perles, Chine, sont le résultat de processus complexes à long terme incluant des changements de niveau marin, des migrations de la ligne côtière, la décomposition des matières organiques, des processus de transport de solutés, et des réactions chimiques durant l’Holocène. La simulation d’une distribution de l’ammonium à long terme n’est pas bien abordée dans la littérature en raison de la difficulté de quantifier les processus géochimiques complexes. Des profils de salinité ammonium dans les aquitards de deux sites typiques ont été obtenus à partir d’analyses géochimiques de sol et d’échantillons d’eau. Des modèles unidimensionnels ont été utilisés pour intégrer la connaissance actuelle de la stratigraphie, de l’évolution historique du système géologique durant l’Holocène, et les processus liés à la génération et à la migration de l’ammonium. La génération de l’ammonium et son accumulation ont fait l’objet d’approximation par une fonction exponentielle avec conditions aux limites variables pour prendre en compte les variations du niveau marin durant l’Holocène. Les profils de salinité observés sont été utilisés pour estimer débit et paramètres de dilution, puis les profils ammonium ont été utilisés pour estimer les paramètres contribuant à la génération de l’ammonium. La correspondance relativement bonne entre les résultats simulés et l’observation montre que le modèle peut représenter le processus dominant qui contrôle la genèse et le déplacement de l’ammonium.

Resumen

La generación, migración y acumulación de amonio en el sistema acuífero – acuitardo del Delta del Río Pearl, China, son el resultado de procesos complejos y de largo plazo, incluyendo cambios del nivel del mar, migración de la línea de costa, sedimentación, descomposición de materia orgánica, procesos de transporte de soluto, y reacciones químicas durante el Holoceno. La simulación de la distribución a largo plazo del amonio no está bien abordada en la literatura debido a las dificultades en la cuantificación de los complejos procesos geoquímicos. Se obtuvieron perfiles de salinidad y de amonio en el acuitardo a partir de análisis geoquímicos y muestreos de agua en dos sitios típicos. Se usaron modelos numéricos unidimensionales para integrar el conocimiento actual de la estratigrafía, evolución histórica del sistema geológico durante el Holoceno, y los procesos relacionados a la generación y migración de amonio. La generación y la acumulación de amonio fueron aproximados por una función exponencial, y se usó una condición de borde en movimiento por reflejar el cambio del nivel de mar durante el Holoceno. Se usaron los perfiles de salinidad observados para estimar los parámetros de flujo y dispersión, luego se usaron los perfiles de amonio observados para estimar los parámetros reactivos relacionados con la generación de amonio. El razonablemente buen acuerdo logrado entre los resultados simulados y los observados demuestra que los modelos pueden capturar los procesos dominantes que controlan la generación y movimiento del amonio.

摘要

中国珠江三角洲滨海含水层-弱透水层系统中铵的形成、积累和运移,是全新世以来一系列复杂过程长期作用的结果,包括海平面升降、海岸线进退、沉积、有机质降解、溶质运移和化学反应等。由于定量刻画这些复杂地球化学过程存在困难,目前还很少有模拟铵的长期分布演化的文献。通过对两个典型场地土水样的水文地球化学分析,获得了弱透水层中盐分和铵的剖面分布特征。综合现有关于地层、全新世以来地质系统演变历史以及铵化反应方面的认识,本文提出了铵的累积运移过程的一维模型。铵的生成和累积用一个指数经验公式近似描述。采用移动上边界来表现全新世时期海平面的变化。首先利用观测的盐分剖面识别水流和水动力弥散参数,在此基础上利用观测的铵分布剖面来反演铵的生成反应参数。模拟结果与实测结果之间具有良好的一致性,这说明所提出的模型刻画了铵在弱透水层中积累和运移的主要过程。

Resumo

A geração, acumulação e migração de amónio no sistema costeiro aquífero-aquitardo do Delta do Rio Pearl, na China, são o resultado de processos complexos e de longo prazo, incluindo mudanças no nível do mar, migração da linha de costa, sedimentação, decomposição de matéria orgânica, processos de transporte de solutos e reações químicas durante o Holocénico. A simulação a longo prazo da distribuição de amónio não é bem abordada na literatura, devido às dificuldades em quantificar os complexos processos geoquímicos. Foram obtidos perfis de salinidade e de amónio nos aquitardos, em dois locais típicos, a partir de análises geoquímicas de amostras de solo e água. Foram usados modelos numéricos unidimensionais para integrar o conhecimento atual da estratigrafia, a evolução histórica do sistema geológico durante o Holocénico e os processos relacionados com a geração e migração de amónio. A geração e acumulação de amónio foram estimados por uma função exponencial, e foi usada uma condição fronteira móvel para refletir as mudanças do nível do mar durante o Holocénico. Os perfis de salinidade observados foram utilizados para estimar os parâmetros de fluxo e de dispersão, e, em seguida, os perfis observados de amónio foram utilizados para estimar os parâmetros reativos relacionados com a produção de amónio. A correspondência razoavelmente boa entre os resultados simulados e observados demonstra que os modelos podem capturar os processos dominantes que controlam a geração e a circulação de amónio.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported financially by the General Research Fund of the Research Grants Council, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (HKU 702707P, HKU 703109P and HKU 703010P). Field drilling was supported by China Geological Survey and Guangdong Geological Survey. Piezometers were installed with the help of Bob Ingleton from the University of Waterloo. The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

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Wang, XS., Jiao, J.J., Wang, Y. et al. Accumulation and transport of ammonium in aquitards in the Pearl River Delta (China) in the last 10,000  years: conceptual and numerical models. Hydrogeol J 21, 961–976 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-013-0976-1

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