Abstract
Remote sensing data can be integrated with analyses of topography, structural geology, hydrogeology and geophysics. The integration gives premises for the delineation of zones of potential groundwater resources in strongly fractured and karstified deep aquifers in the uplifted Meo Vac Highland, northern Vietnam. Remote sensing analysis outlines geological faults with hydrogeological significance. These faults are combined with a derived lineament density map, interpreted analysis of surface flow direction and existing hydrogeological data, resulting in indications of groundwater flow direction. An analysis of the SPOT 5 band ratio 4/1, together with indications of surface-flow direction in low terrains, results in a determination of underground cavern passages. The delineated zones of potential groundwater resources are verified by detailed hydrogeological field surveys and geophysical measurements. Remote sensing analysis is shown to effectively contribute to the investigation of groundwater resources for a hydrogeologically complex area.
Résumé
Des données de télédétection peuvent être couplées avec l’analyse topographique, la géologie structurale, l’hydrogéologie et la géophysique. L’intégration des données donne des indices pour circonscrire les aquifères profonds intensément fracturés des hautes terres Meo VAc, Vietnam du Nord. La télédétection met en évidence les failles d’importance hydrogéologique. Ces failles sont portées sur une carte de répartition de densité des linéaments, direction des flux d’écoulements superficiels analysés, et données hydrogéologiques existantes donnant des indications sur les flux d’écoulement souterrains. De l’analyse de l’enregistrement SPOT 5 band ratio 4/1, couplée avec les indications de direction d’écoulement superficiel à l’aval, résulte une détermination du tracé des cavernes. Les zones présentant des ressources souterraines potentielles sont contrôlées par des levers hydrogéologiques détaillés sur le terrain et des mesures géophysiques. On montre que l’analyse par télédétection contribue de façon effective à la recherche de ressources souterraines dans une zone complexe du point de vue hydrogéologique.
Zusammenfassung
Fernerkundungsdaten können mit Daten aus topografischen, strukturgeologischen, hydrogeologischen und geophysikalischen Untersuchungen kombiniert werden. Diese Kombination ermöglicht eine genaue Lokalisierung von potentiellen Grundwasserressourcen in tiefen Kluft- und Karstgrundwasserleitern im Hochland von Meo Vac in Nordvietnam. Unter Zuhilfenahme der Fernerkundung werden hier hydrogeologisch bedeutsame Verwerfungszonen abgegrenzt und mit Hilfe von Daten zu Hydrogeologie und Oberflächenabfluss sowie einer Kartierung der Lineamentdichte bezüglich auftretender Grundwasserfließrichtungen interpretiert. Eine Analyse des Oberflächenabflusses in Flachgebieten sowie der Daten von SPOT 5 band ratio 4/1 ermöglicht genaue Aussagen zu Kavernen im Untergrund. Die Darstellung von potentiellen Grundwasserressourcen mit Hilfe der Fernerkundung wird durch hydrogeologische und geophysikalische Feldmessungen bestätigt. So wird gezeigt, dass die Fernerkundung effektiv zur Untersuchung von Grundwasserressourcen in einem hydrogeologisch komplexen Gebiet beitragen kann.
Resumen
Los datos de sensores remotos pueden ser integrados con el análisis de la topografía, geología estructural, hidrogeología y geofísica. La integración otorga premisas para el delineamiento de zonas de recursos subterráneos potenciales en acuíferos profundos fuertemente fracturados y karstificados en la elevación Meo Vac Highland, en el norte de Vietnam. El análisis de los sensores remotos delinea las fallas geológicas con significado hidrogeológico. Estas fallas están combinadas con mapa deducido de la densidad de lineamientos, análisis interpretado de la dirección y sentido de flujo superficial y datos hidrogeológicos existentes, lo que resulta en indicaciones de la dirección y sentido de flujo subterráneo. Un análisis de la relación de banda 4/1 de SPOT 5, junto con las indicaciones de la dirección de flujo superficial en terrenos bajos, da como resultado la determinación de pasajes en las cavernas del subsuelo. Las zonas delineadas de recursos potenciales de agua subterránea se verifican por relevamientos hidrogeológicos de campo detallados y mediciones geofísicas. Se demuestra que los análisis de sensores remotos contribuyen efectivamente para la investigación de recursos de agua subterránea en un área hidrogeológicamente compleja.
مُلخص
يمكن دمج بيانات الاستشعار عن بعد مع تحليل التضاريس والتكوين الجيولوجى، والجيولوجيا المائية والجيوفيزياء. يعطي هذا التكامل الإمكانية لتحديد مناطق موارد المياه الجوفية المحتملة في خزانات المياه الجوفية الكارستية العميقة المتصدعة بشدة في النتوء الجيولوجي بمرتفعات منطقة ميو فاك شمالي فيتنام .
يحدد تحليل بيانات الاستشعار عن بعد الصدوع الجيولوجية ذات الدلالة الهيدروجيولوجية. بالجمع بين هذه الصدوع وخريطة مشتقة لكثافة خطوط التضاريس ، وتحليل اتجاه تدفق المياه السطحية والبيانات الهيدرولوجية الحالية ، تنتج مؤشرات لاتجاه تدفق المياه الجوفية. لقد أنتج تحليل صور القمر الصناعي سبوت 5 ، ذى نسبة الحزمة 01/04 ، جنبا إلى جنب مع مؤشرات اتجاه تدفق المياه السطحية في المناطق المنخفضة تحديد الممرات الكهفية تحت السطحية. وقد تم التحقق من تحديد مناطق موارد المياه الجوفية المحتملة بالمسح الميدانى الهيدروجيولوجي المفصل والقياسات الجيوفيزيقية. لقد تبين أن تحليل الاستشعار عن بعد يسهم بشكل فعال في استكشاف موارد المياه الجوفية للمناطق المعقدة من الناحية الهيدروجيولوجية.
Samenvatting
Aardobservatiegegevens kunnen geïntegreerd worden met de analyse van topografie, structurele geologie, hydrogeologie en geofysica. De integratie geeft mogelijkheden voor de afbakening van zones met potentiële grondwatervoorraden in sterk verbreukte en verkarste diepe watervoerende lagen in het omhoog gekomen Meo Vac Hoogland, noord Vietnam. De analyse van aardobservatie duidt geologische breuken aan met hydrogeologisch belang. Deze breuken worden gecombineerd met een dichtheidskaart van afgeleide lineamenten, geïnterpreteerde analyse van oppervlakkige afstromingsrichting en bestaande hydrogeologische gegevens, resulterend in indicaties voor de grondwaterstromingsrichting. Een analyse van de SPOT 5 band ratio 4/1 te samen met indicaties voor oppervlakkige afstromingsrichting in de laag gelegen gebieden, resulteert in de bepaling van ondergrondse grotpassages. De afgebakende zones met potentiële grondwatervoorraden zijn geverifieerd door gedetailleerde hydrogeologische veldkarteringen en geofysische metingen. Aangetoond wordt dat de analyse van aardobservatie effectief kan bijdragen aan het onderzoek naar grondwatervoorraden in een hydrogeologisch complex gebied,
Riassunto
Dati derivanti da telerilevamento possono essere integrati con l’analisi di topografia, geologia strutturale, idrogeologia e geofisica. L’integrazione permette di delineare zone in cui vi sia una potenziale presenza di risorse idriche sotterranee in acquiferi carsici profondi e altamente fratturati nell’altopiano di Meo Vac, nord Vietnam. L’analisi di informazioni remote è in grado di delineare faglie geologiche con rilevanza idrogeologica. Queste faglie sono combinate con una mappa di densità dei lineamenti derivati, un’analisi interpretativa delle direzioni di flusso delle acque superficiali e con esistenti dati idrogeologici, risultando in indicazioni sulla direzione di fusso delle acque sotterranee. L’analisi di SPOT 5 rapporto di banda 4/1, insieme con indicazioni sulla direzione di flusso delle acque superficiali in avvallamenti, risulta nella determinazione di passaggi cavernosi sotterranei. Le così delineate zone di potenziale presenza di risporse idriche sotterranee sono verificate con l’uso di dettagliate misure idrogeologiche di campo e con misurazioni geofisiche. L’analisi di telerilevamento ha mostrato di contribuire fattivamente nell’investigazione di risorse idriche sotterranee per un’area complessa dal punto di vista idrogeologico.
Resumo
A detecção remota pode ser integrada com análises de topografia, geologia estrutural, hidrogeologia e geofísica. Esta integração permite a delimitação de zonas com potenciais recursos hídricos subterrâneos nos aquíferos profundos altamente fracturados e carsificados dos Planaltos de Meo Vac, no norte do Vietname. Através da análise por teledetecção, delineiam-se falhas geológicas com importância hidrogeológica. Combinam-se estas falhas com um mapa derivado de densidade de alinhamentos, uma análise interpretada do sentido de escoamento superficial e com os dados hidrogeológicos existentes, para obter indicações sobre a direcção do fluxo das águas subterrâneas. Uma análise da razão das bandas 4/1 do SPOT 5, em conjugação com indicações sobre o sentido do escoamento superficial em terrenos baixos, resulta na detecção das cavernas que constituem passagens subterrâneas. A delimitação das áreas com potenciais recursos hídricos subterrâneos é verificada através de pesquisa hidrogeológica detalhada no campo e medições geofísicas. A análise por teledetecção revela-se eficaz na contribuição para a investigação dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos numa área hidrogeologicamente complexa.
Tóm tắt
Số liệu phân tích ảnh vệ tinh có thể tích hợp với các phân tích về địa hình, cấu trúc địa chất, địa chất thủy vn và địa vật lý. Việc tích hợp này đã đưa ra các tiền đề để khoanh định các đới có triển vọng về nước dưới đất trong các tầng chứa nước sâu trong đá vôi bị nứt nẻ và castơ hóa mạnh ở vùng cao nguyên Mèo Vạc ở Miền Bắc Việt Nam. Phân tích ảnh vệ tinh đã chỉ ra các hệ thống đứt gãy có đặc trưng địa chất thủy vn quan trọng. Các hệ thống đứt gãy này được kết hợp với bản đồ dẫn suất mật độ lineament, các luận giải hướng dòng chảy trên bề mặt và các số liệu địa chất thủy vn hiện có, để chỉ ra các dấu hiệu hướng vận động của nước dưới đất. Phân tích tỷ số bng 4/1 ảnh vệ tinh SPOT5 và các dấu hiệu của dòng chảy trên bề mặt ở phần địa hình trũng trong vùng nghiên cứu đã đưa ra các dự đoán về các đoạn hang động castơ phát triển ngầm dưới mặt đất và khoanh định các đới có triển vọng về nước dưới đất. Các đới này được kiểm chứng bằng khảo sát thực tế và công tác đo vẽ địa vật lý. Nghiên cứu này cho thấy phân tích viễn thám đã đóng góp rất hiệu quả trong việc điều tra tìm kiếm nguồn nước ở vùng có điều kiện địa chất thủy vn phức tạp.
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Acknowledgements
Much of the field data presented in this paper were collected from the on-going Vietnamese Government funded project whose objective is to investigate and evaluate the groundwater resources of the Meo Vac area. We would especially like to thank Mr. Nguyen Ba Binh, Mr. Vu Duc Hao, Dr. Tong Ngoc Thanh and other people from the Northern Division for Water Resources Planning and Investigation (NDWRPI) for their collaboration and assistance in the collection of these data. The first author also sincerely thanks the Flemish Interuniversity Cooperation Council (VLIR-UOS) for a south–north specialization funding to accomplish this study. Reviewers and the Associate Editor are acknowledged for their constructive and helpful comments.
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Tam, V.T., Batelaan, O. A multi-analysis remote-sensing approach for mapping groundwater resources in the karstic Meo Vac Valley, Vietnam. Hydrogeol J 19, 275–287 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0684-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0684-z