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A numerical scheme for groundwater development in a watershed basin of basement terrain: a case study from India

Un procédé numérique pour la viabilisation des eaux souterraines dans un bassin versant sur des terrains du socle: étude de cas en Inde

Un esquema numérico para el desarrollo de las aguas subterráneas en una cuenca hidrográfica en basamento: un caso de estudio de la India

基岩地区流域盆地地下水开发的一种数值方法 : 一个印度的实例研究

Uma metodologia numérica para o planeamento da água subterrânea numa bacia hidrográfica em terrenos de soco cristalino: um caso de estudo na Índia

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Abstract

The development of watershed basins to increase groundwater recharge potential is becoming a major issue in India due to an acute shortage of groundwater resources, resulting from the marked expansion of land-use activities and the explosive growth in population. It is necessary to study the regional characteristics in order to identify potential artificial groundwater recharge zones. A combination of morphometric analysis coupled with hydrogeological information is used to prepare a generalized scenario for watershed development plans. A numerical scheme is, thus, proposed for the relative evaluation of surface rock-permeability in relation to morphometry (stream order, stream length, drainage density, channel maintenance, overland flow, basin shape, etc.). An attempt is made, from the morphometrical studies of the Varaha watershed of the Precambrian Eastern Ghats basement terrain in Eastern India, to illustrate how the numerical scheme is helpful as a tool in watershed development planning programs. This method involves the designation of various recharge-related measures, based upon the relative ranking of surface-material permeability after comparison with the hydrogeological conditions of sub-basins of the river basin. The scheme can also help to pin-point areas of study on a local scale, and thus facilitate developmental programs to augment groundwater recharge.

Résumé

Du fait du déficit marqué en eaux souterraines généré par l’expansion des activités consommatrices d’espace et par l’augmentation explosive de la population, le développement de bassins destinés à augmenter le potentiel de réalimentation des eaux souterraines devient un sujet majeur en Inde. Il s’avère nécessaire d’étudier les caractéristiques régionales dans le but d’identifier les zones potentielles de réalimentation artificielle. Une combinaison d’analyses morphométriques et d’informations hydrogéologiques est utilisée pour préparer un scénario global d’aménagement des bassins de réalimentation. Un procédé numérique est ainsi proposé pour l’évaluation relative de la perméabilité des roches superficielles en relation avec la morphométrie (ordre et longueur du ruisseau, densité de drainage, entretien des sections, ruissellement, forme du bassin, etc.). Un test est effectué sur la base des études morphométriques du bassin de Varaha, sur les terrains précambriens des Ghâts orientaux, afin d’illustrer l’utilité du système numérique pour la planification des aménagements de bassins de réalimentation. Cette méthode implique l’identification de diverses mesures liées à la réalimentation, basée sur la classification relative de la perméabilité des matériaux de surface, après comparaison avec les conditions hydrogéologiques des subdivisions du bassin hydrographique. Le procédé peut également aider à circonscrire les secteurs d’étude à l’échelle locale, et ainsi appuyer les programmes d’aménagement vers une augmentation de la réalimentation des eaux souterraines.

Resumen

El desarrollo de cuencas hidrográficas para aumentar la posible recarga de las aguas subterráneas se está convirtiendo en una cuestión importante en la India, debido a una aguda escasez de los recursos de aguas subterráneas, resultante de la expansión marcada de las actividades de uso de la tierra y el crecimiento explosivo de la población. Es necesario estudiar las características regionales a fin de identificar posibles zonas de recarga artificial de las aguas subterráneas. Se utilizó una combinación de análisis morfométricos conjuntamente con información hidrogeológica para preparar un escenario generalizado para planes de desarrollo de cuencas hidrográficas. Por lo tanto, se propone un esquema numérico para la evaluación relativa de la permeabilidad de la roca superficial en relación con la morfometría (orden de cursos, longitud de cursos, densidad de drenaje, mantenimiento del canal, flujo superficial, forma de la cuenca, etc.). A partir de los datos morfométricos de la cuenca hidrográfica del Varaha del basamento precámbrico del este de Ghats en el oriente de la India, se intentó ilustrar la utilidad del esquema numérico como una herramienta en el desarrollo de programas de planificación de cuencas hidrográficas. Este método implica la identificación de varios procedimientos de recarga relacionados, basado en el ordenamiento relativo de la permeabilidad del material de superficie, a partir de la comparación con las condiciones hidrogeológicas de las sub-cuencas de la cuenca del río. El esquema también puede ayudar a fijar puntos clave en áreas de estudio en una escala local, y así facilitar el desarrollo de programas para aumentar la recarga de aguas subterráneas.

摘要

由于土地利用活动的扩张和人口的爆炸式增长, 印度的地下水资源严重匮乏, 流域盆地的开发以增加地下水的补给正成为一个重要课题。为证实地下水激发补给的潜力, 有必要对研究区域的特征进行研究。将地貌形态分析和水文地质信息相耦合, 为流域开发规划提供全面方案。为此提出了一种数值方法, 通过形态计量学 (河流级别、河流长度、河网密度、航道维护、坡面流、流域形态等) 进行地表岩石渗透率与地形的相关性作评价。尝试通过对印度东部前寒武纪东加茨基岩地区瓦拉哈流域的形态计量学研究, 考察该数值方法作为流域开发规划方案中一个手段的有效性。该方法基于对流域中不同子流域的水文地质条件对比后的地表物质渗透率的分级, 提出多种与补给相关的测量的方案。该方法还有助于指出研究区的局域尺度的研究问题, 可用于评估增加地下水补给的开发方案。

Resumo

O planeamento de bacias hidrográficas para aumentar o potencial de recarga das águas subterrâneas está a converter-se num assunto de grande relevância na Índia devido a uma diminuição acentuada dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos provocada pela expansão acentuada da ocupação do solo e pelo crescimento explosivo da população. Importa estudar as características regionais com o objectivo de identificar zonas com potencial para a recarga artificial da água subterrânea. A conjugação de uma análise morfométrica com a informação hidrogeológica permite a elaboração de um cenário generalizado utilizável em planos de intervenção na bacia hidrográfica. Desta forma, é proposta uma metodologia numérica para avaliação relativa da permeabilidade das rochas superficiais em função da morfometria (ordem e comprimento do curso de água, densidade da rede de drenagem, estabilidade dos leitos, escoamento superficial, forma da bacia, etc.). A partir das características morfométricas da bacia hidrográfica de Varaha, situada no soco pré-câmbrico dos Ghats Orientais no leste da Índia, procura-se exemplificar a utilidade da metodologia numérica como ferramenta em planos de intervenção em bacias hidrográficas. O método inclui a prescrição de várias medidas relacionadas com a recarga, com base numa classificação relativa da permeabilidade dos materiais superficiais e após comparação com as condições hidrogeológicas das sub-bacias da bacia hidrográfica. A metodologia pode ainda ajudar a apontar áreas de estudo à escala local, e assim facilitar a elaboração de programas de intervenção para aumentar a recarga de águas subterrâneas.

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Acknowledgements

The author gratefully acknowledges the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, New Delhi-110 016, India for financial assistance in the form of a major research project (SR/S4/ES-120-2004). The author is also thankful to Dr. D. Deva Varma, Co-Investigator under the DST project, Department of Geology, Andhra University for his assistance during the preparation of the manuscript. The valuable suggestions given by the late Dr. P. Prabhakara Rao, Director (retired), Geological Survey of India and Dr. P.H.V. Vasudeva Rao, Secretary, Society for Environment and Economic Development during the preparation of the manuscript are thankfully acknowledged. Sincere thanks are due to two anonymous reviewers and Prof. Craig T. Simmons (Managing Editor) for their critical review and valuable suggestions in bringing the manuscript to its present form. I also thank Sue Duncan (Technical Editorial Advisor) and Sue Hunter for further editorial corrections, which significantly improved the manuscript. The technical suggestions of Susanne Schemann (Journal Administrator) are gratefully acknowledged.

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Subba Rao, N. A numerical scheme for groundwater development in a watershed basin of basement terrain: a case study from India. Hydrogeol J 17, 379–396 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0402-2

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