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Changes to the groundwater system, from 1888 to present, in a highly-urbanized coastal area in Hong Kong, China

Modifications dans l’agencement des nappes, de 1888 à aujourd’hui, dans une région côtière fortement urbanisée à Hong Kong (Chine)

Cambios en el sistema de aguas subterráneas de 1988 a la actualidad en un área costera altamente urbanizada de Hong Kong (China)

中国香港一个高度城市化滨海地区1888年以来地下水系统变化

Alterações ao sistema hidrogeológico, desde 1888 até à actualidade, numa área costeira altamente urbanizada em Hong Kong (China)

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Abstract

Historical groundwater levels in a coastal region of Hong Kong Island (China) were reviewed and compared with data collected recently to reveal changes to the groundwater regime over the last century. The coastal springs and seeps have disappeared and the lower boundary of the seepage zone has moved uphill. Groundwater was found to be flowing upward along the boundary of natural slopes and urbanized areas. Artesian flows were commonly noted in the deep piezometers in the lower urbanized areas. Moreover, an overall rise in water levels in a 10-year period was observed in the urbanized areas, except in areas with good drainage. Extensive urbanization since the 1950s has included large-scale land reclamation, deep foundations of high-rise buildings, an underground transport system, water mains and horizontal drains in slopes; the effect has been a slow but gradual increase in the water level of the hillslope groundwater system. Further urbanization activities such as the westward extension of the underground transport system and new major drainage systems in the slopes, should be assessed for possible further changes to the groundwater system. The results presented here may serve as reference for other highly-urbanized coastal areas in the world.

Résumé

Les historiques de niveaux piézométriques dans la région côtière de l’Ile de Hong Kong (Chine) ont été analysés et comparés aux données collectées récemment pour révéler des modifications substantielles du régime des nappes durant le siècle précédent. Les sources et les émergences diffuses côtières ont disparus et la limite inférieure de la zone d’émergences diffuses est remontée. Il a été constaté que l’écoulement de l’eau souterraine se déplaçait vers le haut le long de la limite des versants naturels et des zones urbanisées.Des écoulements artésiens on été observés régulièrement dans les piézomètres profonds dans les zones urbanisées inférieures. De plus, une remontée générale des nappes pendant une période de 10 ans a été observée dans les zones urbanisées, à l’exception des zones bien drainées. Une urbanisation dense depuis les années 1950 a comporté une réhabilitation à grande à échelle des terres, des fondations importantes pour des bâtiments en hauteur, un système de transport souterrain, de nouvelles conduites pour l’eau et des drains horizontaux sur les pentes; le résultat en a été une remontée lente mais graduelle du niveau de l’eau dans les nappes de versant des collines. De futurs travaux d’urbanisation, tels qu’une extension vers l’Ouest du système de transport souterrain et de nouveaux réseaux de drainage sur les pentes, devraient être évalués au regard de la possibilité de modification dans l’agencement des nappes. Les résultats présentés ici peuvent servir de référence dans d’autres régions côtières fortement urbanisées du monde.

Resumen

Se han examinado los niveles históricos de las aguas subterráneas en la región costera de la Isla de Hong Kong (China) y se los ha comparado con datos recientemente recogidos para evaluar los cambios significativos en el régimen de las aguas subterráneas en el último siglo. Los manantiales costeros y los rezumes naturales han desaparecido, y el límite inferior de la zona de filtraciones ha migrado cuesta arriba. Se encontró que el agua subterránea hacia arriba a lo largo de los límites de las pendientes naturales y las áreas urbanizadas. Muy frecuentemente, se encontraron flujos artesianos en piezómetros profundos en los sectores bajos de áreas urbanizadas. Aún más, en un período de 10 años se observó un ascenso generalizado de los niveles de agua en las áreas urbanizadas, excepto en aquellas con buen drenaje. La extensa urbanización que comenzó en 1950 incluyó la recuperación de tierras a gran escala, los cimientos profundos de edificios altos, un sistema de transporte subterráneo, nuevas redes de abastecimiento de agua, y la instalación de drenes horizontales en pendientes, y el efecto ha sido un lento y gradual incremento de los niveles de agua de los sistemas subterráneos en las laderas. El incremento de actividades relacionadas con la urbanización, tales como la extensión hacia el oeste del sistema de transporte subterráneo y sistemas importantes de drenaje de laderas, deben ser evaluadas con respecto a los cambios en los sistemas de aguas subterráneas. Los resultados que se presentan podrían servir como referencia para otras áreas costeras altamente urbanizadas del mundo.

摘要

本文回顾了中国香港岛海岸区历史地下水位, 并与最近收集的数据进行了对比, 结果显示在过去的一个世纪地下水动态发生了显著变化。海岸带的泉水溢出带已经消失, 溢出带的下边界向上推移。曾经发现地下水沿着自然斜坡和城市化边界向上流。在城市低地区的较深的钻孔中, 自流水也曾是很普遍的。而且, 除了一些径流条件好的地区, 观测到在城市区水位有10年周期的普遍上升。从20世纪50年代开始, 大规模的城市化, 包括大面积的填海、深地基高层建筑、地下交通系统、新的给水主水管和坡地排水系统, 其影响过程虽然缓慢, 但却造成山坡地下水系统的水位逐渐升高。应该评估进一步的城市化进程, 如地下交通系统向西扩展和新的坡地主排水系统的修建, 以便确定可能对地下水系统进一步的影响。本文的结果可能为世界范围内其他高度城市化海岸地区提供一定的参考。

Resumo

Os níveis históricos da água subterrânea na região costeira da Ilha de Hong Kong (China) foram revistos e comparados com dados recentemente colhidos, revelando alterações significativas no regime de escoamento subterrâneo no decurso do último século. As nascentes e as ressurgências costeiras desapareceram e o limite inferior da zona de ressurgência deslocou-se para montante, nas encostas. Descobriu-se que a água subterrânea estava a ascender ao longo do limite entre as encostas naturais das colinas e as zonas urbanizadas. Nos piezómetros profundos situados nas zonas urbanizadas mais baixas passou a ser notado escoamento artesiano. Além disso, num período de 10 anos, observou-se uma subida geral da superfície freática nas zonas urbanizadas, excepto em áreas dispondo de boa drenagem. Desde os anos 50, a urbanização extensiva incluiu a obtenção de vastas áreas conquistadas ao mar, fundações profundas para os arranha-céus, um sistema de transportes subterrâneo, novas condutas de água e drenos horizontais nas encostas; o efeito tem sido uma lenta mas gradual subida do nível de água no sistema aquífero das encostas. As futuras actividades de urbanização, como a extensão para ocidente do sistema subterrâneo de transportes e os novos grandes sistemas de drenagem das encostas, deverão ser avaliados tendo em atenção as possíveis alterações subsequentes ao sistema de escoamento das águas subterrâneas. Os resultados aqui apresentados poderão servir de referência para outras áreas costeiras altamente urbanizadas do mundo.

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Acknowledgements

This study is supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC) (HKU 7013/03) of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region (SAR), China. Hard copies of piezometric curves were collected from the library of the Civil Engineering Department, the Hong Kong SAR. The authors acknowledge the help of Dr. Hu Li-tang in producing Figure 12. Comments from two anonymous reviewers are also appreciated.

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Correspondence to Jiu Jimmy Jiao.

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Jiao, J.J., Leung, Cm. & Ding, G. Changes to the groundwater system, from 1888 to present, in a highly-urbanized coastal area in Hong Kong, China. Hydrogeol J 16, 1527–1539 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0332-z

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