Abstract
Soil structural disturbance influences the downward flow of water that percolates deep enough to become aquifer recharge. Data from identical experiments in an undisturbed silt-loam soil and in an adjacent simulated waste trench composed of the same soil material, but disturbed, included (1) laboratory- and field-measured unsaturated hydraulic properties and (2) field-measured transient water content profiles through 24 h of ponded infiltration and 75 d of redistribution. In undisturbed soil, wetting fronts were highly diffuse above 2 m depth, and did not go much deeper than 2 m. Darcian analysis suggests an average recharge rate less than 2 mm/year. In disturbed soil, wetting fronts were sharp and initial infiltration slower; water moved slowly below 2 m without obvious impediment. Richards’ equation simulations with realistic conditions predicted sharp wetting fronts, as observed for disturbed soil. Such simulations were adequate for undisturbed soil only if started from a post-initial moisture distribution that included about 3 h of infiltration. These late-started simulations remained good, however, through the 76 d of data. Overall results suggest the net effect of soil disturbance, although it reduces preferential flow, may be to increase recharge by disrupting layer contrasts.
Résumé
La perturbation de la structure du sol influence l’écoulement vers le bas de l’eau qui percole assez loin en profondeur pour recharger les aquifères. Les données d’expériences identiques menées sur un sol non-perturbé silto-limoneux et sur une tranchée à déchets adjacente et composée du même type de sol, mais perturbé, incluent (1) les propriétés hydrauliques saturées et non-saturées mesurées en laboratoire et sur le terrain (2) des profils de saturation en eau issus de tests d’infiltration de 24 h et 75 j de redistribution. Dans les sols non-perturbés, le front d’humidification ont très diffus au-dessus de 2 mètres de profondeur, et ne vont pas plus loin que 2 m en profondeur. L’analyse darcienne suggère un taux de recharge moyen inférieur à 2 mm/an. Dans les sols perturbés, les fronts d’humidification sont angulaires et l’infiltration initiale moins importante, l’eau s’écoule lentement sous 2 mètres, sans empêchements. Les simulations de l’équation de Richards suivant des conditions réalistes prédit les fronts d’humidification angulaires, tels qu’observés dans les sols perturbés. De telles simulations ont été adéquates seulement si elles commencent après une distribution initiale correspondant à environ 3 h d’infiltration. Toutefois ces simulations aux conditions initiales retardées restent correctes sur les 76 j de données. Les résultats globaux suggèrent que la perturbation du sol, bien que réduisant l’écoulement préférentiel, est à même d’augmenter la recharge en cassant les contrastes entre les différentes couches.
Resumen
La alteración estructural del suelo influye en el flujo descendiente de agua que percola a suficiente profundidad para convertirse en la recarga del acuífero. Los datos de experimentos idénticos en un suelo franco-limoso sin alteración estructural, y en una trinchera adyacente con residuos simulados compuesta del mismo material de suelo, pero alterada, incluyó (1) mediciones de campo y laboratorio de propiedades hidráulicas no saturadas y (2) perfiles transitorios de contenido de agua medidos en el campo a través de infiltración estancada durante 24 h y 75 d de redistribución. En los suelos sin alteración los frentes de humedad fueron altamente difusos por encima de 2 m de profundidad, y no se extendieron a profundidades mayores de 2m. El análisis Darciano sugiere un ritmo de recarga promedio menor a 2 mm/año. En suelo alterado, los frentes de humedad fueron nítidos y la infiltración inicial más lenta; el agua se movió lentamente por debajo de 2m sin impedimento obvio. Las simulaciones en base a la Ecuación de Richards en condiciones realísticas predijeron nítidos frentes de humedad, como se observó en los suelos alterados. Tales simulaciones fueron adecuadas para suelos sin alteración solo si se comenzaron a partir de una distribución de humedad post-inicial que incluyó cerca de 3 h de infiltración. Estas simulaciones de iniciación tardía permanecieron buenas a través de los 76 d de datos. Los resultados globales sugieren que el efecto neto de la alteración del suelo, aunque reduce flujo preferencial, puede ser el incremento en recarga mediante la perturbación de contrastes de capas.
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Acknowledgements
This research would not have been possible without the work of several scientists who contributed especially to the early stages. J. R. Pittman and J. F. Kaminsky conducted the undisturbed-soil field experiment. S. M. Shakofsky conducted most of the lab measurements, the disturbed-soil field experiment and the one-dimensional numerical simulations. G. S. Lords made critical contributions in sample collection and field experiments. M. A. Denton did most of the two-dimensional and hysteretic numerical simulation. Much gratitude is owed to R. W. Healy, who modified the VS2DT code for this study to account for hysteresis.
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The six sheets in these two files contain tabular data from the field and laboratory experiments on disturbed and undisturbed media. Included are the lab-measured water retention data, and the field-measured water contents and matric pressures as a function of depth during infiltration and redistribution. This tabular form is provided in order to facilitate calculations based on these data; to include data that were left out of the figures (e.g. wetting retention curves); and to allow use of the full resolution, as may be of interest for the detailed shape of the water retention curves.
In the tables of ESM 1–ESM 2, the core samples are identified with a code that first indicates whether the sample is from the disturbed (D) or undisturbed (U) area. Next to that letter is the nominal sample depth in cm. Actual depths typically deviate from the nominal depth by 10 cm or less. The letter a or b after that number indicates one of two replicate samples from the same area and nominal depth. In the tables of ESM 3–ESM 4, notations of the form NAH 2, NAH 3, etc. specify neutron access holes whose locations are identified on Fig. 1. The water content measurements were made with a neutron probe in the hole. The matric pressure measurements were made with tensiometers clustered around the indicated neutron access hole.
ESM1
Lab water retention, undisturbed (xls 94 KB)
ESM2
Lab water retention, disturbed (xls 18 KB)
ESM3
Field water content, undisturbed (xls 139 KB)
ESM4
Field water content, disturbed (xls 19 KB)
ESM5
Field matric pressure, undisturbed (xls 54 KB)
ESM6
Field matric pressure, disturbed (xls 50 KB)
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Nimmo, J.R., Perkins, K.S. Effect of soil disturbance on recharging fluxes: case study on the Snake River Plain, Idaho National Laboratory, USA. Hydrogeol J 16, 829–844 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0261-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0261-2