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Interacting tectonics, hydrogeology and karst processes in an intramontane basin: the Jiloca graben (NE Spain)

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Abstract

The Jiloca basin is a NNW–SSE trending, Neogene-Quaternary graben in NE Spain, bounded by normal faults with measurable hectometre-scale throws. Its overall trend truncates previous NW–SE folds. The sedimentary infilling includes Neogene and Quaternary deposits, exceeding 80 m in thickness. The stratigraphical and structural setting controls hydrogeology of the basin. Neogene marls constitute an aquiclude that separates a main Jurassic karstic, confined aquifer from a shallow, unconfined Plio-Quaternary aquifer. The Jurassic aquifer is laterally compartmented by impervious Upper Triassic anticline cores, though its piezometric surface usually lies 30–60 m higher than the Mesozoic-Neogene boundary. The geological, and specifically the hydrogeological features are not significantly compatible with a previously published hypothesis that considers the Jiloca depression as a polje (in which the final topography is the result of suballuvial karstic corrosion) for three reasons. First, the hypothetical corrosion front shows neither a specific relationship with the epiphreatic zone, nor control by the local presence of impervious Triassic rocks. Second, chemistry of groundwater at the underlying Jurassic aquifer would not allow limestone dissolution at rates necessary for producing the supposed erosion deepening of 300 m since the late Pliocene. Finally, no evidence of swallow holes or ponors has been found.

Résumé

Le bassin du Jiloca (NE de l’Espagne) est un graben du Néogène-Quaternaire à direction NNW–SSE. Il est limité par des failles normales avec des rejets mesurables à l’échelle de l’hectomètre, et sa direction globale tronque des failles plus anciennes NW–SE. Le remplissage sédimentaire comprend des dépôts du Néogène et Plio-Quaternaire, excédant 80 mètres d’épaisseur dans le secteur central. Les aspects stratigraphiques et structuraux contrôlent l’hydrogéologie du bassin. Les marnes néogènes constituent un aquiclude qui sépare un aquifère karstique captif essentiellement jurassique, d’un aquifère libre et phréatique plio-quaternaire. L’aquifère jurassique est latéralement compartimenté par des cœurs d’anticlinaux imperméables du Jurassique Supérieur, alors que sa surface piézomètrique repose habituellement de 30–60 m au dessus de la limite Mésozoique-Néogène. La géologie, et plus particulièrement les aspects hydrogéologiques du bassin du Jiloca ne sont pas significativement compatibles avec une hypothèse publiée précédemment qui stipule qu’il existe un poljé (dont la topographie finale résulterait d’une corrosion karstique suballuviale), pour trois raisons. La première est que le front de corrosion hypothétique ne montre ni une relation spécifique avec la zone épiphréatique, ni un contrôle par la présence locale de roches triassiques imperméables. Deuxièmement, la chimie de l’eau souterraine de l’aquifère sous-jacent du Jurassique ne permettrait pas une dissolution du calcaire à des taux nécessaires pour produire l’hypothetique approfondissement par érosion de 300 mètres depuis le Pliocène supérieur. Finalement, il n’y a pas d’évidence d’avens ou de ponors ayant été trouvés.

Resumen

La cuenca del Jiloca es una fosa tectónica neógena-cuaternaria de dirección NNW–SSE situada en el NE de España. Está limitada por fallas normales con saltos observables de escala hectométrica, y su traza general corta pliegues anteriores NW–SE. El relleno sedimentario incluye depósitos neógenos y cuaternarios, cuyo espesor total supera los 80 m en el sector central. El dispositivo estratigráfico y estructural controla la hidrogeología de la cuenca. Una unidad de margas neógenas constituye un acuicludo que separa el acuífero kárstico principal confinado (jurásico) y un acuífero libre superficial (plio-cuaternario). El acuífero jurásico está compartimentado lateralmente por núcleos anticlinales formados por materiales impermeables del Triásico superior, aunque su superficie piezométrica está habitualmente entre 30–60 m por encima del límite Mesozoico-Neógeno. Los rasgos geológicos, y específicamente los hidrogeológicos, no son compatibles significativamente con una hipótesis previamente publicada que considera la depresión del Jiloca como un polje (en el que la topografía final es el resultado de corrosión kárstica subaluvial), por tres razones. Primero, el hipotético frente de corrosión no muestra ninguna relación precisa con la zona epifreática, ni ningún control por la presencia local de rocas triásicas impermeables. Segundo, la hidroquímica del acuífero jurásico infrayacente no permitiría la disolución de la caliza a las tasas necesarias para producir el supuesto rebaje erosivo de 300 m desde el Plioceno superior. Finalmente, no se ha hallado ninguna evidencia de sumideros o ponors.

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely acknowledge the useful comments and suggestions by the two anonymous reviewers and the editors, which have contributed to improve the manuscript and make it more suitable for the Hydrogeology Journal. We are very grateful to L. Auqué for processing the hydrochemical data, as well as to P. Coloma and the water authority of Ebro basin (CHE) for providing hydrogeological data. Financial support for this work was obtained from the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia and FEDER (project CGL2006-09670), as well as from the regional government of Aragón (Geotransfer research group).

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Correspondence to José L. Simón.

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Table 1

Geological and hydrogeological data from of boreholes in the central sector of the Jiloca basin (DOC 44 kb)

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Rubio, J.C., Simón, J.L. & Soriano, M.A. Interacting tectonics, hydrogeology and karst processes in an intramontane basin: the Jiloca graben (NE Spain). Hydrogeol J 15, 1565–1576 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0190-0

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