Skip to main content
Log in

Occurrence of salt water above fresh water in dynamic equilibrium in a coastal groundwater flow system near De Panne, Belgium

  • Paper
  • Published:
Hydrogeology Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A salt water lens is found above fresh water under the shore between Dunkerque (France) and Nieuwpoort (Belgium). This inverse density distribution is in a dynamic equilibrium. It develops due to the infiltration of salt water on the back shore during high tide. Under this salt water lens, water infiltrated in the adjacent dune area flows towards the sea and discharges at the seabed. This water quality distribution differs from the classic salt water wedge under fresh water described in the literature. Here, the evolution to this water quality distribution is simulated with a density dependent numerical model. A large tidal range, shore morphology and a permeable groundwater reservoir are the main conditions for the observed water quality distribution. By altering these conditions, intermediate water quality distributions between the classic salt water wedge and the one discussed here develop. Based on these simulations, it is expected that similar kinds of inverse density distribution could be present in a number of coastal areas, which have tides, a gently sloping shore and a permeable substratum.

Résumé

On a trouvé dans un aquifère côtier, situé entre Dunkerque (France) et Nieuwpoort (Belgique) une lentille d’eau salée au dessus de l’eau douce. Cette distribution inverse de la densité se trouve dans un équilibre dynamique. Elle se développe à cause des infiltrations d’eau salée pendant la haute marée. Au dessous de ces lentilles d’eau salée, l’eau infiltrée au long de dunes se dirige vers la mer et se décharge au fonds de la mer. Cette distribution de la qualité des eaux diffère de biseau d’eau salée classique présentée dans la littérature. Dans cet article l’évaluation de la distribution de la qualité de l’eau est simulée avec un modèle numérique à densité variable. Les conditions principales considérées pour analyser la distribution observée de la qualité de l’eau ont été un grand intervalle de variation pour la marée, la morphologie de la côte et un réservoir perméable d’eau souterraine. En alternant cettes conditions on a mis en évidence dans la distribution de la qualité de l’eau des stages intermédiaires entre le biseau classique et la situation présentée auparavant. À partir des simulations on peut considérer qu’il est possible d’avoir des distributions inverses de la densité dans des aquifères côtières dans la présence des marées et dans des conditions d’une côte à pente douce et d’une couche perméable.

Resumen

Se encontró un lente de agua salada sobre agua dulce, debajo de la zona litoral entre Dunkerke (Francia) y Nieuwpoort (Bélgica). Esta distribución invertida de la densidad está en equilibrio dinámico. Se desarrolla debido a la infiltración del agua salada sobre la zona emergida de la playa (berma de playa), durante los episodios de marea alta. Bajo este lente de agua salada, el agua infiltrada en el área de dunas adyacente, fluye hacia el mar y descarga en el lecho marino. Esta distribución de calidad de agua, es diferente de la clásica cuña de agua salada bajo el agua dulce descrita en la literatura. La evolución para esta distribución de calidad de agua se simuló con un modelo numérico de densidad dependiente. Las principales condiciones para la distribución observada de calidad de agua son: Un rango amplio de mareas, la morfología de la zona costera y un reservorio permeable de agua subterránea. Cuando se alteran estas condiciones, se desarrollan distribuciones intermedias de calidad de agua, oscilando entre la cuña de agua salada clásica y el modelo aquí discutido. Con base en estas simulaciones se espera que tipos similares de distribución de densidad invertida, podrían estar presentes en un número de áreas costeras, que tengan mareas, una pendiente litoral suave y un sustrato permeable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bear J (1972) Dynamics of fluids in porous media. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Boufadel MC (2000) A mechanistic study of nonlinear solute transport in a groundwater-surface system under steady state and transient hydraulic conditions. Water Resour Res 36(9):2546–2565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper HH, Kohout FA, Henry HR, Glover RE (1964) Sea water in coastal aquifers. US Geol Survey Water Supply Papers 1613–C:1–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Domenico PA, Schwartz FW (1998) Physical and chemical hydrogeology, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeze RA, Cherry JA (1979) Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Groen K (2002) The effects of transgressions and regressions on coastal and offshore groundwater: a case study of Suriname and generic studies into groundwater flow systems, salinity patterns and paleogroundwater. PhD Dissertation, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Konikow LF, Bredehoeft JD (1978) Computer model of two-dimensional solute transport and dispersion in ground water. USGS Tech. of Water-Resources investigations, Book 7, Chapter C2

  • Konikow LF, Goode DJ, Hornberger GZ (1996) A three-dimensional method-of-characteristics solute-transport model (MOC3D). U.S.G.S. Wat Resour Invest Rep 96–4267

  • Krantz DE, Manheim FT, Bratton JF, Phelan DJ (2004) Hydrologic setting and ground water flow beneath a section of Indian River Bay, Delaware. Ground Water-Oceans Issue 42(7):1035–1051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebbe L (1978) Hydrogeologie van het duingebied ten westen van De Panne. PhD Thesis, Geological Institute, Ghent University. (Hydrogeology of the dune area west of De Panne; in Dutch)

  • Lebbe L (1981) The subterranean flow of fresh and salt water underneath the western Belgian beach. 7th Salt Water Intrusion Meeting, Uppsala. Sver Geol Unders Rap Meddel 27:193–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebbe L (1983) Mathematical model of the evolution of the fresh water lens under the dunes and beach with semi-diurnal tides. 8th Salt Water Intrusion Meeting, Bari. Geologia Applicata e Idrogeologia, volume XVIII, parte II, 211–226

  • Lebbe L (1999) Parameter identification in fresh-saltwater flow based on borehole resistivities and freshwater head data. Adv Water Resour 22(8):791–806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manheim FT, Krantz DE, Bratton JF (2004) Studying ground water under Delmarva coastal bays using electrical resistivity. Ground Water-Oceans Issue 42(7):1052–1068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oude Essink GHP (2001) Salt Water Intrusion in a Three-Dimensional Groundwater System in The Netherlands: A Numerical Study. Transp Porous Media 43(1):137–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pranzini G (2002) Groundwater salinization in Versilia (Italy). Proc. 17th Salt Water Intrusion Meeting, Delft, The Netherlands, 6–10 may 2002):412–421

  • Robinson C, Li L, (2004) Effect of tidal oscillations on water exchange and mixing in a coastal aquifer. Proc. of 15th International Conference on Computational Methods in Water Resources, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA, 1583–1594

  • Rushton KR (2003) Groundwater hydrology: conceptual and computational models. Wiley, New York, 416pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuyfzand PJ (1986) A new hydrochemical classification of watertypes: principles and application to the coastal dunes aquifer system of the Netherlands. Proceedings SWIM 9, Delft. 641–655

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuyfzand PJ (1993) Hydrochemistry and Hydrology of the Coastal Dune area of the Western Netherlands. PhD Thesis, Nieuwegein, KIWA, Afd. Onderzoek & Advies

  • Urish D, McKenna TE (2004) Tidal effects on ground water discharge through a sandy marine beach. Ground Water-Oceans Issue 42(7):971–982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenbohede A (2003) Solute transport in heterogeneous aquifers: parameter identification and its use in groundwater pollution and salt water intrusion problems. Ph.D. thesis, Ghent University

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank dr. Maria Clara Castro, dr. Leonard Konikow and dr. Patrick Goblet for their constructive review of the paper

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Vandenbohede.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vandenbohede, A., Lebbe, L. Occurrence of salt water above fresh water in dynamic equilibrium in a coastal groundwater flow system near De Panne, Belgium. Hydrogeol J 14, 462–472 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-005-0446-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-005-0446-5

Keywords

Navigation