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Downstream of downtown: urban wastewater as groundwater recharge

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Abstract

Wastewater infiltration is often a major component of overall recharge to aquifers around urban areas, especially in more arid climates. Despite this, such recharge still represents only an incidental (or even accidental) byproduct of various current practices of sewage effluent handling and wastewater reuse. This topic is reviewed through reference to certain areas of detailed field research, with pragmatic approaches being identified to reduce the groundwater pollution hazard of these practices whilst attempting to retain their groundwater resource benefit. Since urban sewage effluent is probably the only ‘natural resource’ whose global availability is steadily increasing, the socioeconomic importance of this topic for rapidly developing urban centres in the more arid parts of Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Middle East will be apparent.

Résumé

L’infiltration des eaux usées est souvent la composante essentielle de toute la recharge des aquifères des zones urbaines, particulièrement sous les climats les plus arides. Malgré cela, une telle recharge ne constitue encore qu’un sous-produit incident, ou même accidentel, de pratiques courantes variées du traitement de rejets d’égouts et de réutilisation d’eaux usées. Ce sujet est passé en revue en se référant à certaines régions étudiées en détail, par des approches pragmatiques reconnues pour permettre de réduire les risques de pollution des nappes dues à ces pratiques tout en permettant d’en tirer profit pour leur ressource en eau souterraine. Puisque les effluents d’égouts urbains sont probablement la seule « ressource naturelle » dont la disponibilité globale va croissant constamment, l’importance socio-économique de ce sujet est évidente pour les centres urbains à développement rapide de l’Asie, de l’Afrique, de l’Amérique latine et du Moyen-Orient.

Resumen

La infiltración de aguas residuales es a menudo un componente principal de la recarga total en acuíferos ubicados en torno a zonas urbanas, especialmente en los climas más áridos. A pesar de ello, dicho componente todavía es una consecuencia secundaria (o incluso accidental) de diversas prácticas asociadas con la manipulación de las aguas residuales y con la reutilitzación de aguas depuradas. Este tema se revisa mediante referencias a ciertas áreas en las que existen investigación detallada de campo, identificando enfoques pragmáticos con el fin de reducir el riesgo de contaminación de las aguas subterráneas por tales prácticas, a la vez tratando de conservar los beneficios para los recursos del acuífero. Dado que los efluentes de aguas residuales urbanas son probablemente la única ‘fuente natural’ cuya disponibilidad global se halla en del aumento, la importancia socioeconómica de este tema será evidente para los centros urbanos de rápido desarrollo en Asia, Latinoamérica y Oriente Medio.

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Acknowledgements

The stimulus to produce an overview on this subject was initially provided by an invitation from the organisers of the IAH 32nd/ALHSUD 6th Joint Congress in Mar del Plata, Argentina, in October 2002. The technical base of the paper is founded upon research work carried out by British Geological Survey colleagues and their counterparts in the four countries involved — thanks are very much due to all those who undertook field and laboratory work (especially Marianne Stuart). This work was funded by the (British) Department for International Development and/or the European Commission, and the interest of their staff (especially Ian Curtis) is also gratefully acknowledged. The management dimension of the topic has been developed further by the World Bank — Groundwater Management Advisory Team (GW-MATE) during 1999–2002 (and the contribution here of Hector Garduño is acknowledged), but the opinions expressed in the paper are those of the authors alone and not necessarily of the World Bank or its associate organisations. The paper is published by permission of the Executive Director of the NERC, British Geological Survey.

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Correspondence to S. S. D. Foster.

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Foster, S.S.D., Chilton, P.J. Downstream of downtown: urban wastewater as groundwater recharge. Hydrogeology Journal 12, 115–120 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-003-0296-y

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