References
Berkes F, Colding J, Folke C. ed. 2003. Navigating social-ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Carpenter SR. 2003. Regime shifts in lake ecosystems. Ecology Institute, Germany: Oldendorf/Luhe
Carpenter SR, Walker BH, Anderies JM, Abel N. 2001. From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what? Ecosystems 4:765–81
Folke C, Carpenter SR, Elmqvist T, Gunderson L, Holling CS, Walker B. 2002a. Resilience and sustainable development: building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations. Ambio 31:437–40
Groffman PM, Baron JS, Blett T, Gold AJ, Goodman I, Gunderson LH, Levinson BM, Palmer MA, Paerl HW, Peterson GD, Poff NL, Rejeski DW, Reynolds JF, Turner MG, Weathers KC, Weins JA. 2005. Ecological thresholds: the key to successful environmental management or an important concept with no practical application? Ecosystems, in press
Gunderson LH, Holling CS, eds. 2002. Panarchy: understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Washington, DC: Island Press
Holling CS. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 4:1–23
Holling CS. 2001. Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological and social systems. Ecosystems 4:390–405
National Research Council. 2000. Ecological indicators for the nation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press
Pickett STA. 1989. Space-for-time substitution as an alternative to long-term studies. In: Likens GE, ed. Long-term studies in ecology. Berlin Heidelberg New york: Springer. p 110–35
Scheffer M, Westley F, Brock W. 2003. Slow response of societies to new problems: Causes and costs. Ecosystems 6:493–502
Turner MG, Dale VH. 1998. Comparing large, infrequent disturbances: what have we learned? Ecosystems 1:493–6
Acknowledgements
This Special Feature developed at Resilience Alliance meetings in Madison, Wisconsin, USA and Marenco, Costa Rica in 2002, with sponsorship of the J. S. MacDonnell Foundation. We thank the participants in those meetings, especially the authors of the Special Feature papers and Marty Anderies, Doug Beard, Buz Brock, Thomas Elmquist, Marco Janssen, Don Ludwig, Jon Norberg, Yarden Oren, Allyson Quinlan, Brian Walker and Colleen Webb.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carpenter, S.R., Westley, F. & Turner, M.G. Surrogates for Resilience of Social–Ecological Systems. Ecosystems 8, 941–944 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0170-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0170-y