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Influence of the microstructure and its stability on the electrochemical properties of EMD produced from a range of precursors

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Abstract

The influence of the microstructure and the stable crystal structure on the electrochemical properties of the electrolytic manganese dioxide (EMD) produced from manganese cake (EMDMC), low-grade manganese ore (EMDLMO), and synthetic manganese sulfate solutions (EMDSMS) is reported. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and chemical analyses were used to determine the structural and chemical characteristics of the EMD samples. The charge–discharge profile was studied in 9 M KOH using a galvanostatic charge–discharge unit. All the samples were found to contain predominantly γ-phase MnO2, which is electrochemically active for energy storage applications. FESEM images show that preparation method significantly influences surface morphology, shape, and size of the EMD particles. In almost all cases, nanoparticles were obtained, with spindle-shaped nanoparticles for EMDMC, platy nanoparticles in the case of EMDLMO, and anisotropic growth of tetra-branched star-like nanoparticles of EMDSMS. These nanoparticles arrange themselves in a near net-like fashion, resulting in porosity of the flakes of EMD during electrochemical deposition. Thermal studies showed loss of structural water and formation of lower manganese oxides. The EMDMC showed superior discharge capacity of ~280 mAh g−1 as compared to EMDLMO (275 mAh g−1) and EMDSMS (245 mAh g−1).

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the Director, CSIR-IMMT for his interest and encouragement in publishing this work. One of the authors (A.B..) would like to thank CSIR for providing Senior Research Fellowship for carrying out his doctoral research. The author (M.M.) wishes to acknowledge the Australian Research Council (ARC). This research was supported under Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Project funding scheme (DP1092543).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSIR—Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India

    A. Biswal, B. C. Tripathy, K. Sanjay & T. Subbaiah

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhavan, Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001, India

    A. Biswal, B. C. Tripathy & T. Subbaiah

  3. School of Chemical and Mathematical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia

    D. Meyrick & M. Minakshi

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  1. A. Biswal
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  2. B. C. Tripathy
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  3. K. Sanjay
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  4. D. Meyrick
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  5. T. Subbaiah
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  6. M. Minakshi
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Correspondence to M. Minakshi.

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Biswal, A., Tripathy, B.C., Sanjay, K. et al. Influence of the microstructure and its stability on the electrochemical properties of EMD produced from a range of precursors. J Solid State Electrochem 17, 3191–3198 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-013-2231-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-013-2231-z

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