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Critical aspects in the development of lithium–air batteries

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Abstract

Intensive research has been done on lithium–air batteries, especially in the last few years. Due to their very high theoretical specific energy, lithium–air batteries are one of the most promising candidates to power future electric vehicles. However, this new technology is in a very early stage of development, and several challenges must be overcome before there will be a commercially viable product. This review describes the most important critical aspects in the development of lithium–air batteries: the electrocatalysis of the oxygen electrode reactions, the degradation of the electrolyte and the oxygen electrode components, the structure of the oxygen electrode, and the passivation of the oxygen electrode during the discharge of the battery. Recent works in these areas are critically reviewed, and suitable research strategies to address these issues are discussed.

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Abbreviations

DEMS:

Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry

DME:

1,2-Dimethoxyethane: CH3-O-CH2-CH2-O-CH3

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide: (CH3)2SO

DMPU:

1,3-Dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone:

EtV2+/EtV+ :

Ethyl viologen redox couple

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GC:

Glassy carbon

LiTFSI:

Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide: LiN(SO2CF3)2

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

ORR:

O2 reduction reaction

OER:

O2 evolution reaction

PC:

Propylene carbonate:

PFPBO:

Pentafluorophenylboron oxalate

PVdF:

Poly(vinylidene difluoride): -(CH2-CF2)n-

SEI:

Solid electrolyte interphase

Tetraglyme (also known as TEGDME):

Tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether: CH3-O-[CH2-CH2-O-]4-CH3

TOF-SIMS:

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

TPFPB:

Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane

Triglyme:

Tri(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether: CH3-O-[CH2-CH2-O-]3-CH3

XANES:

X-ray adsorption near edge structure

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

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Acknowledgments

Financial support from BASF SE and scientific discussions with Dr. Erik Jämstorp Berg, Dr. Tsuyoshi Sasaki, Dr. Sigita Urbonaite, Dr. Claire Villevieille, and Dr. Juan Luis Gómez Cámer are gratefully acknowledged.

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  1. Nuria Garcia-Araez

    Present address: University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK

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  1. Paul Scherrer Institut, Electrochemistry Laboratory, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

    Nuria Garcia-Araez & Petr Novák

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Garcia-Araez, N., Novák, P. Critical aspects in the development of lithium–air batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 17, 1793–1807 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-013-1999-1

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