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Nano-composites SnO(VO x ) as anodes for lithium ion batteries

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Abstract

Nano-composites of SnO(V2O3) x (x = 0, 0.25, and 0.5) and SnO(VO)0.5 are prepared from SnO and V2O3/VO by high-energy ball milling (HEB) and are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques. Interestingly, SnO and SnO(VO)0.5 are unstable to HEB and disproportionate to Sn and SnO2, whereas HEB of SnO(V2O3) x gives rise to SnO2.VO x . Galvanostatic cycling of the phases is carried out at 60 mA g−1 (0.12 C) in the voltage range 0.005–0.8 V vs. Li. The nano-SnO(V2O3)0.5 showed a first-charge capacity of 435 (±5) mAh g−1 which stabilized to 380 (±5) mAh g−1 with no noticeable fading in the range of 10–60 cycles. Under similar cycling conditions, nano-SnO (x = 0), nano-SnO(V2O3)0.25, and nano-SnO(VO)0.5 showed initial reversible capacities between 630 and 390 (±5) mAh g−1. Between 10 and 50 cycles, nano-SnO showed a capacity fade as high as 59%, whereas the above two VO x -containing composites showed capacity fade ranging from 10% to 28%. In all the nano-composites, the average discharge potential is 0.2–0.3 V and average charge potential is 0.5–0.6 V vs. Li, and the coulombic efficiency is 96–98% after 10 cycles. The observed galvanostatic cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and ex situ XRD data are interpreted in terms of the alloying–de-alloying reaction of Sn in the nano-composite “Sn-VO x -Li2O” with VO x acting as an electronically conducting matrix.

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Acknowledgments

Part of the work is supported by Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), USA (Grant no. R-144-000-226-597) and Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore (Grant no. WBS-R-284-000-076-112).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117 542, Singapore

    B. Das, M. V. Reddy, G. V. Subba Rao & B. V. R. Chowdari

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  1. B. Das
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  2. M. V. Reddy
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  3. G. V. Subba Rao
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  4. B. V. R. Chowdari
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Correspondence to B. V. R. Chowdari.

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Dedicated to Prof. R. Schöllhorn on his 75th birthday.

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Das, B., Reddy, M.V., Subba Rao, G.V. et al. Nano-composites SnO(VO x ) as anodes for lithium ion batteries. J Solid State Electrochem 15, 259–268 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-010-1126-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-010-1126-5

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