Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

An initial study of family accommodation in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders

  • Original Contribution
  • Published:
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This initial study examined the nature, incidence, and clinical correlates of family accommodation in youth with tic disorders, and validated a brief self-report measure of tic-related family accommodation, the Tic Family Accommodation Scale (TFAS). Seventy-five youth aged 6–18 who were diagnosed with a tic disorder and their parent completed a diagnostic clinical interview, and clinician and parent-report measures of tic severity, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, behavioral problems, family accommodation and impairment. An exploratory factor analysis of the TFAS showed a two-factor structure, with good internal consistency for the Total score, Modification of Child Environment and Modification of Parent Environment subscales (α = 0.88, 0.86, and 0.81, respectively). Family accommodation was not associated with tic severity. Family accommodation was associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms, higher externalizing, rule breaking, aggressive behaviors and social problems, and with greater tic-related functional impairment. Anxiety and externalizing problems (but not depressive symptoms) predicted family accommodation when controlling for tic severity. Family accommodation predicted high levels of functional impairment over and above the effect of tic severity, anxiety, depression and externalizing problems. Family accommodation is a common phenomenon for youth with tic disorders, with modifications typically encompassing changes to the child and/or parent environments. Accommodation was not associated with tic severity, but was related to higher levels of anxiety, depressive symptoms, externalizing symptoms, aggression, and rule breaking behaviors. Results suggest that other emotional symptoms are more likely to drive accommodation practices than the tic symptoms per se.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. The exact nature of outcomes (i.e., worsening of tics, child distress, etc.) was not explicitly defined by Packer [38] in her survey.

References

  1. Association AP (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Scahill L, Specht M, Page C (2014) The prevalence of tic disorders and clinical characteristics in children. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 3(4):394–400. doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.06.002

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Knight T, Steeves T, Day L, Lowerison M, Jette N, Pringsheim T (2012) Prevalence of tic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol 47(2):77–90. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.05.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lin H, Yeh C, Peterson BS, Scahill L, Grantz H, Findley DB, Katsovich L, Otka J, Lombroso PJ, King RA (2002) Assessment of symptom exacerbations in a longitudinal study of children with Tourette’s syndrome or obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Psy 41(9):1070–1077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bloch MH, Peterson BS, Scahill L, Otka J, Katsovich L, Zhang H, Leckman JF (2006) Adulthood outcome of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity in children with Tourette syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 160(1):65–69. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.1.65

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Specht MW, Woods DW, Piacentini J, Scahill L, Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Chang S, Kepley H, Deckersbach T, Flessner C, Buzzella BA, McGuire JF, Levi-Pearl S, Walkup JT (2011) Clinical characteristics of children and adolescents with a primary tic disorder. J Dev Phys Disabil 23(1):15–31. doi:10.1007/s10882-010-9223-z

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Robertson MM, Sandor P (2000) An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol 42(7):436–447

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sukhodolsky DG, Scahill L, Zhang H, Peterson BS, King RA, Lombroso PJ, Katsovich L, Findley D, Leckman JF (2003) Disruptive behavior in children with Tourette’s syndrome: association with ADHD comorbidity, tic severity, and functional impairment. J Am Acad Child Psy 42(1):98–105. doi:10.1097/00004583-200301000-00016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kraft JT, Dalsgaard S, Obel C, Thomsen PH, Henriksen TB, Scahill L (2012) Prevalence and clinical correlates of tic disorders in a community sample of school-age children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 21(1):5–13. doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0223-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Freeman RD, Consortium TSID (2007) Tic disorders and ADHD: answers from a world-wide clinical dataset on Tourette syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16(9):15–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Budman CL, Rockmore L, Stokes J, Sossin M (2003) Clinical phenomenology of episodic rage in children with Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res 55(1):59–65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Chen K, Budman CL, Diego Herrera L, Witkin JE, Weiss NT, Lowe TL, Freimer NB, Reus VI, Mathews CA (2013) Prevalence and clinical correlates of explosive outbursts in Tourette syndrome. Psychiatry Res 205(3):269–275. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Conelea CA, Woods DW, Zinner SH, Budman C, Murphy T, Scahill LD, Compton SN, Walkup J (2011) Exploring the impact of chronic tic disorders on youth: results from the Tourette Syndrome Impact Survey. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 42(2):219–242. doi:10.1007/s10578-010-0211-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Storch EA, Merlo LJ, Lack C, Milsom VA, Geffken GR, Goodman WK, Murphy TK (2007) Quality of life in youth with Tourette’s syndrome and chronic tic disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 36(2):217–227. doi:10.1080/15374410701279545

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Conelea CA, Woods DW (2008) The influence of contextual factors on tic expression in Tourette’s syndrome: a review. J Psychosom Res 65(5):487–496

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Himle MB, Capriotti MR, Hayes LP, Ramanujam K, Scahill L, Sukhodolsky DG, Wilhelm S, Deckersbach T, Peterson AL, Specht MW, Walkup JT, Chang S, Piacentini J (2014) Variables associated with tic exacerbation in children with chronic tic disorders. Behav Modif 38(2):163–183. doi:10.1177/0145445514531016

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Capriotti MR, Piacentini JC, Himle MB, Ricketts EJ, Espil FM, Lee HJ, Turkel JE, Woods DW (2015) Assessing environmental consequences of ticcing in youth with chronic tic disorders: the tic accommodation and reactions scale. Child Health Care 44:205–220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lebowitz ER, Bloch M (2012) Family accommodation in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder. Expert Rev Neurother 12(2):229–238

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Lebowitz ER, Scharfstein LA, Jones J (2014) Comparing family accommodation in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, and nonanxious children. Depress Anxiety 31(12):1018–1025. doi:10.1002/da.22251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Storch EA, Salloum A, Johnco C, Dane BF, Crawford EA, King MA, McBride NM, Lewin AB (2015) Phenomenology and clinical correlates of family accommodation in pediatric anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 35:75–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Peris TS, Bergman RL, Langley A, Chang S, McCracken JT, Piacentini J (2008) Correlates of accommodation of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: parent, child, and family characteristics. J Am Acad Child Psy 47:1173–1181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Stewart SE, Beresin C, Haddad S, Egan Stack D, Fama J, Jenike M (2008) Predictors of family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry 20(2):65–70. doi:10.1080/10401230802017043

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lebowitz ER, Woolston J, Bar-Haim Y, Calvocoressi L, Dauser C, Warnick E, Scahill L, Chakir AR, Shechner T, Hermes H, Vitulano LA, King RA, Leckman JF (2013) Family accommodation in pediatric anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety 30(1):47–54. doi:10.1002/da.21998

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Flessner CA, Sapyta J, Garcia A, Freeman JB, Franklin ME, Foa E, March J (2011) Examining the psychometric properties of the Family accommodation scale-parent-report (FAS-PR). J Psychopathol Behav Assess 31(1):38–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Thompson-Hollands J, Kerns CE, Pincus DB, Comer JS (2014) Parental accommodation of child anxiety and related symptoms: range, impact, and correlates. J Anxiety Disord 28(8):765–773. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.09.007

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Caporino NE, Morgan J, Beckstead J, Phares V, Murphy TK, Storch EA (2012) A structural equation analysis of family accommodation in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol 40(1):133–143. doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9549-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Benito KG, Caporino NE, Frank HE, Ramanujam K, Garcia A, Freeman J, Kendall PC, Geffken G, Storch EA (2015) Development of the pediatric accommodation scale: reliability and validity of clinician- and parent-report measures. J Anxiety Disord 29:14–24. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.10.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Storch EA, Geffken GR, Merlo LJ, Jacob ML, Murphy TK, Goodman WK, Larson MJ, Fernandez M, Grabill K (2007) Family accommodation in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 36(2):207–216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Storch EA, Jones AM, Lack CW, Ale CM, Sulkowski ML, Lewin AB, De Nadai AS, Murphy TK (2012) Rage attacks in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: phenomenology and clinical correlates. J Am Acad Child Psy 51:582–592. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Wu MS, McGuire J, Martino C, Phares V, Selles RS, Storch EA (2016) A meta-analysis of family accommodation and OCD symptom severity. Manuscript submitted for publication

  31. Wu MS, Lewin AB, Murphy TK, Geffken GR, Storch EA (2014) Phenomenological considerations of family accommodation: related clinical characteristics and family factors in pediatric OCD. J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord 3(3):228–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Garcia AM, Sapyta JJ, Moore PS, Freeman JB, Franklin ME, March JS, Foa EB (2010) Predictors and moderators of treatment outcome in the pediatric obsessive compulsive treatment study (POTS I). J Am Acad Child Psy 49:1024–1033. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.06.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Rudy BM, Lewin AB, Geffken GR, Murphy TK, Storch EA (2014) Predictors of treatment response to intensive cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.002

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Merlo LJ, Lehmkuhl HD, Geffken GR, Storch EA (2009) Decreased family accommodation associated with improved therapy outcome in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Consult Clin Psych 77(2):355–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Eapen V, Fox-Hiley P, Banerjee S, Robertson M (2004) Clinical features and associated psychopathology in a Tourette syndrome cohort. Acta Neurol Scand 109(4):255–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Silva RR, Munoz DM, Barickman J, Friedhoff AJ (1995) Environmental factors and related fluctuation of symptoms in children and adolescents with Tourette’s disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 36(2):305–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lin H, Katsovich L, Ghebremichael M, Findley DB, Grantz H, Lombroso PJ, King RA, Zhang H, Leckman JF (2007) Psychosocial stress predicts future symptom severities in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 48(2):157–166

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Packer LE (2005) Tic-related school problems: impact on functioning, accommodations, and interventions. Behav Modif 29(6):876–899. doi:10.1177/0145445505279383

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Woods DW (2008) Managing Tourette syndrome: a behavioral intervention for children and adults therapist guide, Oxford University, Oxford

  40. Gorman DA, Thompson N, Plessen KJ, Robertson MM, Leckman JF, Peterson BS (2010) Psychosocial outcome and psychiatric comorbidity in older adolescents. Br J Psychiatry 197(1):36–44

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Gadow KD, Nolan EE, Sprafkin J, Schwartz J (2002) Tics and psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents. Dev Med Child Neurol 44(5):330–338

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Johnco C, Salloum A, De Nadai AS, McBride N, Crawford EA, Lewin AB, Storch EA (2015) Incidence, clinical correlates and treatment effect of rage in anxious children. Psychiatry Res 229(1–2):63–69. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.071

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Piacentini J, Woods DW, Scahill L, Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Chang S, Ginsburg GS, Deckersbach T, Dziura J, Levi-Pearl S, Walkup JT (2010) Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 303(19):1929–1937. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Leckman JF, Riddle MA, Hardin MT, Ort SI, Swartz KL, Stevenson J, Cohen DJ (1989) The Yale global tic severity scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity. J Am Acad Child Psy 28(4):566–573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Storch EA, Murphy TK, Geffken GR, Sajid M, Allen P, Roberti JW, Goodman WK (2005) Reliability and validity of the Yale global tic severity scale. Psychol Assessment 17(4):486–491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Poznanski EO, Mokros HB (1996) Children’s depression rating scale, revised (CDRS-R). Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles

  47. Calvocoressi L, Lewis B, Harris M, Trufan SJ, Goodman WK, McDougle CJ, Price LH (1995) Family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiat 152(3):441–443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Calvocoressi L, Mazure CM, Kasl SV, Skolnick J, Fisk D, Vegso SJ, Van Noppen BL, Price LH (1999) Family accommodation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: instrument development and assessment of family behavior. J Nerv Ment Dis 187(10):636–642

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Achenbach TM, Rescorla L (2001) ASEBA school-age forms and profiles, ASEBA, Burlington

  50. Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, Cully M, Balach L, Kaufman J, Neer SM (1997) The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): Scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Acad Child Psy 36(4):545–553

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Birmaher B, Brent DA, Chiappetta L, Bridge J, Monga S, Baugher M (1999) Psychometric properties of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): a replication study. J Am Acad Child Psy 38(10):1230–1236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Whiteside SP (2009) Adapting the Sheehan disability scale to assess child and parent impairment related to childhood anxiety disorders. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 38(5):721–730

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Storch EA, Rudy BM, Wu MS, Lewin AB, Murphy TK (2014) Moderators of impairment agreement among parent–child dyads in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 37(2):318–328

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Leckman JF, Sholomskas D, Thompson D, Belanger A, Weissman MM (1982) Best estimate of lifetime psychiatric diagnosis: a methodological study. Arch Gen Psychiat 39(8):879–883

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Enders CK (2003) Using the expectation maximization algorithm to estimate coefficient alpha for scales with item-level missing data. Psychol Methods 8(3):322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Enders CK (2010) Applied missing data analysis. The Guilford, New York

    Google Scholar 

  57. McGuire JF, Hanks C, Lewin AB, Storch EA, Murphy TK (2013) Social deficits in children with chronic tic disorders: phenomenology, clinical correlates and quality of life. Compr Psychiatry 54(7):1023–1031. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.04.009

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Zinner SH, Conelea CA, Glew GM, Woods DW, Budman CL (2012) Peer victimization in youth with Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 43(1):124–136. doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0249-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Storch EA, Murphy TK, Chase RM, Keeley M, Goodman WK, Murray M, Geffken GR (2007) Peer victimization in youth with Tourette’s syndrome and chronic tic disorder: relations with tic severity and internalizing symptoms. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 29(4):211–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Silverman WK, Fleisig W, Rabian B, Peterson RA (1991) Childhood anxiety sensitivity index. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 20(2):162–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Schrodt GR (ed) (1992) Cognitive therapy of depression. In: Clinical guide to depression in children and adolescents, p 197–217

  62. Lebowitz ER, Omer H, Leckman JF (2011) Coercive and disruptive behaviors in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depress Anxiety 28(10):899–905. doi:10.1002/da.20858

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Kano Y, Ohta M, Nagai Y, Spector I, Budman C (2008) Rage attacks and aggressive symptoms in Japanese adolescents with Tourette syndrome. CNS Spectr 13(04):325–332

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Budman CL, Bruun RD, Park KS, Olson ME (1998) Rage attacks in children and adolescents with Tourette’s disorder: a pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 59(11):576–580

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Scahill L, Sukhodolsky DG, Bearss K, Findley D, Hamrin V, Carroll DH, Rains AL (2006) Randomized trial of parent management training in children with tic disorders and disruptive behavior. J Child Neurol 21(8):650–656

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Sukhodolsky DG, Vitulano LA, Carroll DH, McGuire J, Leckman JF, Scahill L (2009) Randomized trial of anger control training for adolescents with Tourette’s syndrome and disruptive behavior. J Am Acad Child Psy 48(4):413–421. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181985050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Murphy TK, Lewin AB, Storch EA, Stock S (2013) Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Psy 52(12):1341–1359. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Lewin AB, Park JM, Jones AM, Crawford EA, De Nadai AS, Menzel J, Arnold EB, Murphy TK, Storch EA (2014) Family-based exposure and response prevention therapy for preschool-aged children with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 56:30–38. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.02.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Piacentini J, Langley A, Roblek T (2007) Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Childhood OCD: Its Only a False Alarm Therapist Guide, Oxford University, Oxford

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Box 7523, 880 6th Street South, St. Petersburg, FL, 33701, USA

    Eric A. Storch, Carly Johnco, Monica S. Wu, Nicole M. McBride, Adam B. Lewin & Tanya K. Murphy

  2. Department of Health Policy and Management, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA

    Eric A. Storch

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA

    Eric A. Storch, Adam B. Lewin & Tanya K. Murphy

  4. Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA

    Eric A. Storch, Monica S. Wu & Adam B. Lewin

  5. Rogers Behavioral Health, Tampa Bay, Tampa, USA

    Eric A. Storch

  6. All Children’s Hospital, Johns Hopkins Medicine, St. Petersburg, USA

    Eric A. Storch & Tanya K. Murphy

  7. Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA

    Joseph F. McGuire

Authors
  1. Eric A. Storch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carly Johnco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joseph F. McGuire
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Monica S. Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Nicole M. McBride
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Adam B. Lewin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Tanya K. Murphy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eric A. Storch.

Ethics declarations

Ethical standards

All research was approved by the local institutional review board.

Conflict of interest

All authors have approved the final article. Carly Johnco, Monica Wu and Nicole McBride report no financial conflicts of interest. Joseph McGuire receives support from the Tourette Association of American and the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) through T32MH073517. The views expressed within this article represent those of the authors, were not influenced by this funding source, and are not intended to represent the position of NIMH. Adam Lewin has received research support from the IOCDF, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and All Children’s Hospital, publishing honorarium from Springer Publishing, speakers honorarium from the Tourette Association of America, reviewer honorarium from Children’s Tumor Foundation, Oxford, and University of Central Oklahoma, travel support from Rogers Memorial Hospital, NIMH, the Society for Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (SCCAP) and consulting fees from Prophase LLC and has a consulting agreement with Bracket Global, LLC. He is on the Scientific and Clinical Advisory Board for the IOCDF and is an executive board member for American Psychological Association (APA) Division 53. Tanya Murphy receives or has received research funding from the Florida Agency for Healthcare Administration, AstraZeneca Research &Development, Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Indevus Pharmaceuticals, IOCDF, NIMH, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Inc., Psyadon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, and Shire Pharmaceuticals. She is on the Scientific and Clinical Advisory Board for the IOCDF. She has received travel Support from the TSA and honoraria from grand rounds/CME lectures. Eric Storch has received grant funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), All Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and the International Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Foundation. He receives honoraria from Springer, Elsevier, Wiley, the American Psychological Association, and Lawrence Erlbaum. He has served as an educational consultant for Rogers Memorial Hospital, Prophase, and CroNos. He has served on the speakers’ bureau and scientific advisory board for the International OCD Foundation. He has received research support from the All Children’s Hospital Guild Endowed Chair.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Storch, E.A., Johnco, C., McGuire, J. et al. An initial study of family accommodation in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26, 99–109 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0879-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0879-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation