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Nonverbal intelligence in young children with dysregulation: the Generation R Study

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Abstract

Children meeting the Child Behavior Checklist Dysregulation Profile (CBCL-DP) suffer from high levels of co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems. Little is known about the cognitive abilities of these children with CBCL-DP. We examined the relationship between CBCL-DP and nonverbal intelligence. Parents of 6,131 children from a population-based birth cohort, aged 5 through 7 years, reported problem behavior on the CBCL/1.5–5. The CBCL-DP was derived using latent profile analysis on the CBCL/1.5–5 syndrome scales. Nonverbal intelligence was assessed using the Snijders Oomen Nonverbal Intelligence Test 2.5-7-Revised. We examined the relationship between CBCL-DP and nonverbal intelligence using linear regression. Analyses were adjusted for parental intelligence, parental psychiatric symptoms, socio-economic status, and perinatal factors. In a subsample with diagnostic interview data, we tested if the results were independent of the presence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The results showed that children meeting the CBCL-DP (n = 110, 1.8 %) had a 11.0 point lower nonverbal intelligence level than children without problems and 7.2–7.3 points lower nonverbal intelligence level than children meeting other profiles of problem behavior (all p values <0.001). After adjustment for covariates, children with CBCL-DP scored 8.3 points lower than children without problems (p < 0.001). The presence of ADHD or ASD did not account for the lower nonverbal intelligence in children with CBCL-DP. In conclusion, we found that children with CBCL-DP have a considerable lower nonverbal intelligence score. The CBCL-DP and nonverbal intelligence may share a common neurodevelopmental etiology.

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Acknowledgments

The Generation R Study is conducted by the Erasmus Medical Center in close collaboration with the Erasmus University Rotterdam, School of Law and Faculty of Social Sciences, the Municipal Health Service Rotterdam area, Rotterdam, the Rotterdam Homecare Foundation, Rotterdam, and the Stichting Trombosedienst & Artsenlaboratorium Rijnmond (STAR), Rotterdam. We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of general practitioners, hospitals, midwives and pharmacies in Rotterdam. The first phase of the Generation R Study is made possible by financial support from: Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Erasmus University Rotterdam, and the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw). In addition, this study is supported through NWO ZonMw TOP project number 91211021 (Dr. White). Finally, this research was also supported by NIMH grant MH082116 (Dr. Althoff).

Conflict of interest

Dr. Verhulst is a contributing author of the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA), from which he receives remuneration. Mses. Basten, and Rijlaarsdam, Mr. van der Ende, and Drs. Tiemeier, Althoff, Jaddoe, Hofman, Hudziak, and White declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, P.O. Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Maartje Basten, Jan van der Ende, Henning Tiemeier, Robert R. Althoff, Jolien Rijlaarsdam, James J. Hudziak, Frank C. Verhulst & Tonya White

  2. The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Maartje Basten, Jolien Rijlaarsdam & Vincent W. V. Jaddoe

  3. Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Henning Tiemeier, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe & Albert Hofman

  4. Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Henning Tiemeier

  5. Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, The University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA

    Robert R. Althoff & James J. Hudziak

  6. Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Vincent W. V. Jaddoe

  7. Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Tonya White

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  1. Maartje Basten
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  2. Jan van der Ende
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  3. Henning Tiemeier
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  4. Robert R. Althoff
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  6. Vincent W. V. Jaddoe
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  7. Albert Hofman
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  9. Frank C. Verhulst
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  10. Tonya White
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Correspondence to Jan van der Ende.

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Basten, M., van der Ende, J., Tiemeier, H. et al. Nonverbal intelligence in young children with dysregulation: the Generation R Study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 23, 1061–1070 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0551-x

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