Abstract
Objective
To review the treatment of ADHD in children with chronic tic disorders.
Background
Tic disorders are relatively common in school-age children and range from mild to severe. Children with mild tics may not require medication for the treatment of tics. The co-occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behavior are common in children with tic disorders and may be associated with significant morbidity.
Methods
We conducted a literature search to identify reports of tics as an adverse effect to stimulant medication, the treatment of children with ADHD and tics as well as novel treatments that have been proposed for the treatment of ADHD in children with tic disorders.
Results
The preponderance of evidence suggests that stimulant medications are safe and effective in the treatment of children with ADHD and tic disorders. A minority of children with tic disorders may show a worsening of tics or not tolerate stimulants for other reasons. The growing list of non-stimulants provides options for clinicians and parents of these children.
Conclusions
Treatment planning for children with ADHD and tic disorders involves careful discussion with parents on choosing the best course of action. Stimulants should be part of this discussion. More study is needed on non-pharmacological approaches to the treatment of tics and ADHD in this population.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abikoff H, Hechtman L, Klein RG, Gallagher R, Fleiss K, Etcovitch J, Cousins L, Greenfield B, Martin D, Pollack S (2004) Social functioning in children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 43(7):820–829
Acosta MT, Leon-Sarmiento FE (2003) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): new tool, new therapy and new hope for ADHD. Curr Med Res Opin 19:125–130
Adriani W, Rea M, Baviera M, Invernizzi W, Carli M, Ghirardi O, Caprioli A, Laviola G (2004) Acetyl-l-carnitine reduces impulsive behaviour in adolescent rats. Psychopharmacology 176:296–304
Agarwal V, Sitholey P, Kumar S, Prasad M (2001) Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of clonidine in hyperactive children with mental retardation. Ment Retard 39:259–267
Ahmann PA, Waltonen SJ, Olson KA, Theye FW, Van Erem AJ, LaPlant RJ (1993) Placebo-controlled evaluation of Ritalin side effects. Pediatrics 91:1101–1106
Akhondzadeh S, Mohammadi MR, Khademi M (2004) Zinc sulfate as an adjunct to methylphenidate for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: a double blind and randomized trial [ISRCTN64132371] BMC Psychiatry Apr. 8:4:9
Allen AJ, Kurlan RM, Gilbert DL, Coffey BJ, Linder SL, Lewis DW, Winner PK, Dunn DW, Dure LS, Sallee FR, Milton DR, Mintz MI, Ricardi RK, Erenberg G, Layton LL, Feldman PD, Kelsey DK, Spencer TJ (2005) Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders. Neurology 65:1941–1949
Aman MG, Binder C, Turgay A (2004) Risperidone effects in the presence/absence of psychostimulant medicine in children with ADHD, other disruptive behavior disorders, and subaverage IQ. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 14:243–254
American Psychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on DSM-IV (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
Anastopoulos AD, DuPaul GJ, Barkley RA (1991) Stimulant medication and parent training therapies for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. J Learning Disabil 24(4):210–218
Angold A, Erkanli A, Egger HL, Costello EJ (2000) Stimulant treatment for children: a community perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:975–984; discussion 984–994
Anonymous (2004) 2005 Physicians’ Desk Reference. Thomson Healthcare
Arnold LE, DiSilvestro RA (2005) Zinc in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. [Review] [68 refs] J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 15:619–627
Bailey J (2004) An exceptional case of plagiarism. J Psychopharmacol 18:291–292
Banaschewski T, Roessner V, Dittmann RW, Santosh PJ, Rothenberger A (2004) Non-stimulant medications in the treatment of ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(1):102–116
Banaschewski T, Coghill D, Santosh P, Zuddas A, Ascherson P, Buitelaar J, Danckaerts M, Döpfner M, Faraone SV, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Taylor E (2006) Long-acting medications for the hyperkinetic disorders: a systematic review and European guideline. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 15:476–495
Barkley RA, McMurray MB, Edelbrock CS, Robbins K (1990) Side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systemic, placebo-controlled evaluation. Pediatrics 86(2):184–192
Barrickman LL, Perry PJ, Allen AJ, Kuperman S, Arndt SV, Herrmann KJ, Schumacher E (1995) Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:649–657
Belson MG, Kelley TR (2002) Bupropion exposures: clinical manifestations and medical outcome. J Emergency Med 23(3):223–230
Biederman J, Baldessarini RJ, Wright V, Knee D, Harmatz JS (1989) A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADD: I. Efficacy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 28:777–784
Biederman J, Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Kratochvil CJ, Boellner SW, Earl CQ, Jiang J, Greenhill L (2005) Efficacy and safety of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study. Pediatrics 116:e777–e784
Bilici M, Yildirim F, Kandil S, Bekaroglu M, Yildirmis S, Deger O, Ulgen M, Yildiran A, Aksu H (2004) Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zinc sulfate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 28:181–190
Borcherding BG, Keysor CS, Rapoport JL, Elia J, Amass J (1990) Motor/vocal tics and compulsive behaviors on stimulant drugs: is there a common vulnerability? Psychiatry Res 33:83–94
Buitelaar JK, van der Gaag RJ, Swaab-Barneveld H, Kuiper M (1996) Pindolol and methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical efficacy and side-effects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37:587–595
Casat CD, Pleasants DZ, Schroeder DH, Parler DW (1989) Bupropion in children with attention deficit disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 25:198–201
Casat CD, Pleasants DZ, Van Wyck Fleet J (1987) A double-blind trial of bupropion in children with attention deficit disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 23:120–122
Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Elia J, Marsh WL, Ritchie GF, Hamburger SD, Rapoport JL (1997) Controlled stimulant treatment of ADHD and comorbid Tourette’s syndrome: effects of stimulant and dose. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:589–596
Chae JH, Nahas Z, Wassermann E, Li X, Sethuraman G, Gilbert D, Sallee FR, George MS (2004) A pilot safety study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in Tourette’s syndrome. Cogn Behav Neurol 17:109–117
Chappell PB, Riddle MA, Scahill L, Lynch KA, Schultz R, Arnsten A, Leckman JF, Cohen DJ (1995) Guanfacine treatment of comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette’s syndrome: preliminary clinical experience. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:1140–1146
Chatfield J (2002) AAP guideline on treatment of children with ADHD. American Academy of Pediatrics. Am Fam Physician 65:726–728
Comings DE, Comings BG (1987) A controlled study of Tourette syndrome. I. Attention-deficit disorder, learning disorders, and school problems. Am J Hum Genet 41:701–741
Conners CK, Casat CD, Gualtieri CT, Weller E, Reader M, Reiss A, Weller RA, Khayrallah M, Ascher J (1996) Bupropion hydrochloride in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 35:1314–1321
Connor DF, Barkley RA, Davis HT (2000) A pilot study of methylphenidate, clonidine, or the combination in ADHD comorbid with aggressive oppositional defiant or conduct disorder. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 39:15–25
Connor DF, Fletcher KE, Swanson JM (1999) A meta-analysis of clonidine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:1551–1559
Crenshaw T, Kavale K, Forness S, Reeve R (1999) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the efficacy stimulant medication: a meta-analysis. In: TE S, MA M (eds) Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp 135–136
Denckla MB, Bemporad JR, MacKay MC (1976) Tics following methylphenidate administration. A report of 20 cases. JAMA 235:1349–1351
Döpfner M, Rothenberger A (2007) Behavior therapy in tic disorders with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16(Suppl 1):I/89–I/99
Efron D, Jarman F, Barker M (1997) Methylphenidate versus dexamphetamine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind, crossover trial. Pediatrics 100:E6
Ekman JT, Gustafsson PA (2000) Stimulants in AD/HD, a controversial treatment only in Sweden? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 9:312–313
Elia J, Borcherding BG, Rapoport JL, Keysor CS (1991) Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity: are there true nonresponders? Psychiatry Res 36:141–155
Erenberg G, Cruse RP, Rothner AD (1985) Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome: effects of stimulant drugs. Neurology 35:1346–1348
Feigin A, Kurlan R, McDermott MP, Beach J, Dimitsopulos T, Brower CA, Chapieski L, Trinidad K, Como P, Jankovic J (1996) A controlled trial of deprenyl in children with Tourette’s syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurology 46:965–968
Fras I, Karlavage J (1977) The use of methylphenidate and imipramine in Gilles de la Tourette’s disease in children. Am J Psychiatry 134:195–197
Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, Kerbeshian J, Robertson MM, Sandor P (2000) An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol 42:436–447
Freeman RD, Tourette Syndrome International Database Consortium (2007) Tic disorders and ADHD – answers from a world-wide clinical data set on Tourette Syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16(Suppl 1):I/15–I/23
Gadow KD, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Nolan EE, Ezor SN (1995) Efficacy of methylphenidate for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children with tic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:444–455
Gadow KD, Sverd J, Sprafkin J, Nolan EE, Grossman S (1999) Long-term methylphenidate therapy in children with comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and chronic multiple tic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:330–336
Gilbert DL (2006) Motor cortex inhibitory function in Tourette syndrome, attention deficit disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder: studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Adv Neurol 99:107–114
Golden GS (1974) Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome following methylphenidate administration. Dev Med Child Neurol 16:76–78
Greenhill LL, Biederman J, Boellner SW, Rugino TA, Sangal RB, Earl CQ, Jiang JG, Swanson JM (2006) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45:503–511
Greenhill LL, Pliszka S, Dulcan MK, Bernet W, Arnold V, Beitchman J, Benson RS, Bukstein O, Kinlan J, McClellan J, Rue D, Shaw JA, Stock S (2002) Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41:26S–49S
Hazell PL, Stuart JE (2003) A randomized controlled trial of clonidine added to psychostimulant medication for hyperactive and aggressive children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42:886–894
Heinrich H, Gevensleben H, Strehl U (2007) Annotation: neurofeedback – train your brain to train behaviour. J Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48:3–16
Horrigan JP, Barnhill LJ (1995) Guanfacine for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 5:215–223
Hunt RD (1987) Treatment effects of oral and transdermal clonidine in relation to methylphenidate: an open pilot study in ADD-H. Psychopharmacol Bull 23:111–114
Hunt RD, Arnsten AF, Asbell MD (1995) An open trial of guanfacine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:50–54
Hunt RD, Minderaa RB, Cohen DJ (1985) Clonidine benefits children with attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity: report of a double-blind placebo-crossover therapeutic trial. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 24:617–629
Jadad AR, Boyle M, Cunningham C, Kim M, Schachar R (1999) Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ):I–viii, 1–341
Kelsey DK, Sumner CR, Casat CD, Coury DL, Quintana H, Saylor KE, Sutton VK, Gonzales J, Malcolm SK, Schuh KJ, Allen AJ (2004) Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, including an assessment of evening and morning behavior: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 114:e1–e8
Khalifa N, von Knorring AL (2003) Prevalence of tic disorders and Tourette syndrome in a Swedish school population. Dev Med Child Neurol 45:315–319
Konofal E, Cortese S, Lecendreux M, Arnulf I, Mouren MC (2005) Effectiveness of iron supplementation in a young child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 116:e732–734
Kratochvil CJ, Wilens TE, Greenhill LL, Gao H, Baker KD, Feldman PD, Gelowitz DL (2006) Effects of long-term atomoxetine treatment for young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45:919–927
Learned-Coughlin SM, Bergstrom M, Savitcheva I, Ascher J, Schmith VD, Langstrom B (2003) In vivo activity of bupropion at the human dopamine transporter as measured by positron emission tomography. Biol Psychiatry 54:800–805
Lipkin PH, Goldstein IJ, Adesman AR (1994) Tics and dyskinesias associated with stimulant treatment in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 148:859–861
Loo SK, Barkley RA (2005) Clinical utility of EEG in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Appl Neuropsychol 12:64–76
Lowe TL, Cohen DJ, Detlor J, Kremenitzer MW, Shaywitz BA (1982) Stimulant medications precipitate Tourette’s syndrome. JAMA 247:1168–1169
Lyon MR, Cline JC, Totosy de Zepetnek J, Shan JJ, Pang P, Benishin C (2001) Effect of the herbal extract combination Panax quinquefolium and Ginkgo biloba on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a pilot study. J Psychiatry Neurosci 26:221–228
Mantovani A, Lisanby SH, Pieraccini F, Ulivelli M, Castrogiovanni P, Rossi S (2006) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette’s syndrome (TS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 9:95–100
Michelson D, Allen AJ, Busner J, Casat C, Dunn D, Kratochvil C, Newcorn J, Sallee FR, Sangal RB, Saylor K, West S, Kelsey D, Wernicke J, Trapp NJ, Harder D (2002) Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 159:1896–1901
Michelson D, Faries D, Wernicke J, Kelsey D, Kendrick K, Sallee FR, Spencer T (2001) Atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose–response study. Pediatrics 108:E83
Mohammadi MR, Ghanizadeh A, Alaghband-Rad J, Tehranidoost M, Mesgarpour B, Soori H (2004) Selegiline in comparison with methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children and adolescents in a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 14:418–425
Motavalli Mukaddes N, Abali O (2004) Venlafaxine in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 58:92–95
Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Rapin J, Bali JP (2004) Magnesium VitB6 intake reduces central nervous system hyperexcitability in children. J Am Coll Nutr 23:545S–548S
MTA Cooperative Group (1999) A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56:1073–1086
Niederhofer H, Staffen W, Mair A (2003) A placebo-controlled study of lofexidine in the treatment of children with tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Psychopharmacol 17:113–119
Nogovitsina OR, Levitina EV (2005) Diagnostic value of examination of the magnesium homeostasis in children with attention deficit syndrome with hyperactivity. [Russian] Klin Lab Diagn, May 5:17–19
Nogovitsina OR, Levitina EV (2006) Effect of MAGNE-B6 on the clinical and biochemical manifestations of the syndrome of attention deficit and hyperactivity in children. Eksp Klin Farmakol 69:74–77
Olvera RL, Pliszka SR, Luh J, Tatum R (1996) An open trial of venlafaxine in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 6:241–250
Piacentini J, Chang S (2001) Behavioral treatments for Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: State of the art. Adv Neurology 85:319–331
Pliszka SR, Crismon ML, Hughes CW, Corners CK, Emslie GJ, Jensen PS, McCracken JT, Swanson JM, Lopez M (2006) The Texas Children’s Medication Algorithm Project: revision of the algorithm for pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 45:642–657
Prince JB, Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Millstein R, Polisner DA, Bostic JQ (2000) A controlled study of nortriptyline in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 10:193–204
Ratner S, Laor N, Bronstein Y, Weizman A, Toren P (2005) Six-week open-label reboxetine treatment in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:428–433
Robertson MM (2006) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, tics and Tourette’s syndrome: the relationship and treatment implications. A commentary. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 15:1–11
Roessner V, Banaschewski T, Rothenberger A (2004) Therapie der Tic-Störungen (Therapy of tic-disorders). Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother 32:245–263
Roessner V, Robatzek M, Knapp G, Banaschewski T, Rothenberger A (2006) First-onset tics in patients with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: impact of stimulants. Develop Med Child Neurol 48: 616–621
Roessner V, Becker A, Banaschewski T, Rothenberger A (2007a) Executive functions in children with chronic tic disorders with/without ADHD – new insights. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16(Suppl 1):I/36–I/44
Roessner V, Becker A, Banaschewski T, Freeman RD, Rothenberger A, Tourette Syndrome International Database Consortium (2007) Developmental psychopathology of children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome - impact of ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16(Suppl 1):I/24–I/35
Sagvolden T, Johansen EB, Aase H, Russell VA (2005) A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes. Behav Brain Sci 28:397–419; Discussion 419–368
Scahill L, Chappell PB, Kim YS, Schultz RT, Katsovich L, Shepherd E, Arnsten AF, Cohen DJ, Leckman JF (2001) A placebo-controlled study of guanfacine in the treatment of children with tic disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 158:1067–1074
Scahill L, Erenberg G, Berlin CM Jr, Budman C, Coffey BJ, Jankovic J, Kiessling L, King RA, Kurlan R, Lang A, Mink J, Murphy T, Zinner S, Walkup J (2006) Contemporary assessment and pharmacotherapy of Tourette syndrome. NeuroRx 3:192–206
Scahill L, Schwab-Stone M (2000) Epidemiology of ADHD in school-age children. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 9:541–555, vii
Scahill L, Williams S, Schwab-Stone M, Applegate J, Leckman JF (2006) Disruptive behavior problems in a community sample of children with tic disorders. Adv Neurol 99:184–190
Scahill L, Sukhodolsky D, Bearss K, Findley D, Hamrin V, Rains A (2006) A randomized trial of parent management training in children with tic disorders and disruptive behavior. J Child Neurol 21:650–656
Schachter HM, Pham B, King J, Langford S, Moher D (2001) How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. CMAJ 165:1475–1488
Sever Y, Ashkenazi A, Tyano S, Weizman A (1997) Iron treatment in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A preliminary report. Neuropsychobiology 35:178–180
Shytle RD, Silver AA, Wilkinson BJ, Sanberg PR (2002) A pilot controlled trial of transdermal nicotine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 3:150–155
Singer HS, Brown J, Quaskey S, Rosenberg LA, Mellits ED, Denckla MB (1995) The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in Tourette’s syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study with clonidine and desipramine. Pediatrics 95:74–81
Smith BH, Waschbusch DA, Willoughby MT, Evans S (2000) The efficacy, safety, and practicality of treatments for adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 3:243–267
Snyder SH, Taylor KM, Coyle JT, Meyerhoff JL (1970) The role of brain dopamine in behavioral regulation and the actions of psychotropic drugs. Am J Psychiatry 127:199–207
Spencer T, Biederman J, Coffey B, Geller D, Crawford M, Bearman SK, Tarazi R, Faraone SV (2002) A double-blind comparison of desipramine and placebo in children and adolescents with chronic tic disorder and comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 59:649–656
Spencer T, Biederman J, Steingard R, Wilens T (1993) Bupropion exacerbates tics in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette’s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:211–214
Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, Steingard R, Geist D (1993) Nortriptyline treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tic disorder or Tourette’s syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:205–210
Spencer T, Heiligenstein JH, Biederman J, Faries DE, Kratochvil CJ, Conners CK, Potter WZ (2002) Results from 2 proof-of-concept, placebo-controlled studies of atomoxetine in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 63:1140–1147
Sukhodolsky D, Scahill L, Zhang H, Peterson BS, King RA, Lombroso PJ, Katsovich L, Findley D, Leckman JF (2003) Disruptive behavior in children with Tourette’s Syndrome: Association of ADHD comorbidity, tic severity, and functional impairment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42:98–105
Swanson JM, Greenhill LL, Lopez FA, Sedillo A, Earl CQ, Jiang JG, Biederman J (2006) Modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study followed by abrupt discontinuation. J Clin Psychiatry 67:137–147
Taylor E, Dopfner M, Sergeant J, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Rothenberger A, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Zuddas A (2004) European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder – first upgrade. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(Suppl 1):I7–30
Tourette Syndrome Study Group (2002) Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology 58(4):527–536
Van Oudheusden LJ, Scholte HR (2002) Efficacy of carnitine in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 67:33–38
Varley CK (2001) Sudden death related to selected tricyclic antidepressants in children: epidemiology, mechanisms and clinical implications. Paediatr Drugs 3:613–627
Weiss M, Tannock R, Kratochvil C, Dunn D, Velez-Borras J, Thomason C, Tamura R, Kelsey D, Stevens L, Allen AJ (2005) A randomized, placebo-controlled study of once-daily atomoxetine in the school setting in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:647–655
Wilens TE, Waxmonsky J, Scott M, Swezey A, Kwon A, Spencer TJ, Biederman J (2005) An open trial of adjunctive donepezil in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 15:947–955
Wilhelm S, Deckersbach T, Coffey BJ, Bohne A, Peterson AL, Baer L (2003) Habit reversal versus supportive psychotherapy for Tourette’s disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 160(6):1175–1171
Woods DW, Twohig MP, Flessner CA, Roloff TJ (2003) Treatment of vocal tics in children with Tourette syndrome: investigating the efficacy of habit reversal. J Appl Behav Anal 36(1):109–112
Young GS, Conquer JA, Thomas R (2005) Effect of randomized supplementation with high dose olive, flax or fish oil on serum phospholipid fatty acid levels in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Reprod Nutr Dev 45:549–558
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Poncin, Y., Sukhodolsky, D.G., McGuire, J. et al. Drug and non-drug treatments of children with ADHD and tic disorders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 16 (Suppl 1), 78–88 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-1010-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-1010-8