Skip to main content
Log in

Areas for future investment in the field of ADHD: Preschoolers and clinical networks

  • ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
  • Published:
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Two areas ripe for future investment in the field of ADHD are identified. ADHD in the preschool years is a key area for future study and development. Many questions relating to its validity and diagnosis remain unanswered, although there is a growing demand for treatment in daily practice. The lack of conformity of diagnosis and treatment of children with ADHD in daily practice to international best–practice guidelines represent unsolved problems. Investment in ADHD networks connecting different services and different professions across European nations may help to reduce these problems.

Objective

To describe recent developments and future trends in relation to preschool ADHD and ADHD clinical network.

Methods

Selective review and interpretation of empirical data.

Conclusion

Further studies are required to disentangle the various pathways into ADHD during preschool especially in relation to the background of early gene–environment interaction. This will improve the management of preschoolers with ADHD especially in the area of prevention and risk reduction. There will be an increasing demand for networks for the diagnosis and treatment of children with ADHD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Asherson P, and the IMAGE Consortium (2004) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the post-genomic era. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(Suppl 1):I50–I70

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bor W, Sanders MS, Markie-Dadds C (2002) The effects of the tripe P-Positive Parenting Program on preschool children with co-occurring disruptive behavior and attentional/hyperactive difficulties. J Abnorm Child Psychol 30:571–589

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Burns GL, Walsh JA, Owen SM, et al. (1997) Internal validity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and overt conduct disorder symptoms in young children: Implications from teacher ratings for a dimensional approach to symptom validity. J Clin Child Psycho 26:266–275

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Castellanos FX, Swanson J (2002) Biological under-pinnings of ADHD. In: Sandberg S (ed) Hyperactivity and attention disorders of childhood 2nd edn. Cambridge, Cambridge, pp 336–366

  5. Crabtree VM, Ivanenko A, O’Brien LM, Gozal D (2003) Periodic limb movement disorder of sleep in children. J Sleep Res 12:73–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Döpfner M, Lehmkuhl G (2002) ADHS von der Kindheit bis zum Erwachsenenalter – Einführung in den Themenschwerpunkt. Kindheit und Entwicklung 11:67–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Döpfner M, Lehmkuhl G (2003) Hyperkinetische Störungen (F90). In: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Berufsverband der Ärzte für Kinderund Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie in Deutschland, Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft der leitenden Klinikärzte für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie (ed) Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie von psychischen Störungen im Säuglings-, Kindes- und Jugendalter 2nd edn. Köln, Deutscher Ärzte Verlag, pp 237–249

  8. Dulcan M, Work Group on Quality Issues (1997) Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:85S–121S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. DuPaul G, McGoey K, EcKert T, VanBrackle J (2001) Preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Impairments in behavioral, social, and school functioning. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:508–515

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Fantuzzo J, Grim S, Mordell M, McDermott P, Miller L, Coolahan (2001) A multivariate analysis of the revised Conners’ Teacher Rating Scale with low-income, urban preschool children. J Abnorm Child Psycholol 29:141–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Firestone P, Musten LM, Pisterman S, Mercer J, Bennett S (1998) Short-term side effects of stimulant medication are increased in preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 8:13–25

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Gadow K, Nolan E (2002) Differences between preschool children with ODD, ADHD, and ODD & ADHD symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 43:191–201

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ghuman JK, Ginsburg GS, Subramaniam G, Ghuman HS, Kau ASM, Riddle MA (2001) Psychostimulants in preschool children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Clinical evidence from a developmental disorders institution. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:516–524

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gillberg C, Gillberg IC, Rasmussen P, Kadesjö B, Söderström H, Råstam M, Johnson M, Rothenberger A, Niklasson L (2004) Co-existing disorders in ADHD – implications for diagnosis and intervention. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(Suppl 1):I80–I92

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gottlieb DJ, Vezina RM, Chase C, Lesko SM, Heeren TC, Weese-Mayer DE, Auerbach SH, Corwin MJ (2003) Symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in 5- year-old children are associated with sleepiness and problem behaviors. Pediatrics 112:870–877

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Greenhill LL, Jensen PS, Abikoff H, et al. (2003) Developing strategies for psychopharmacological studies in preschool children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 42:406–414

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Handen BL, Feldman HM, Lurier A, Murray PJH (1999) Efficacy of methylphenidate among preschool children with developmental disabilities and ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:805–812

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kahn RS, Khoury J, Nichols WC, Lanphear BP (2003) Role of dopamine transporter genotype and maternal prenatal smoking in childhood hyperactive- impulsive, inattentive, and oppositional behaviors. J Pediatr 143

  19. Kalff AC, de Sonneville LM, Hurks PP, Hendriksen JG Kroes, M, Feron FJ, Steyaert J, von Zeben TM, Vles JS, Jolles J (2003) Low- and high-level controlled processing in executive motor control tasks in 5–6-year-old children at risk of ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44:1049–1057

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kalff AC, Hendriksen JG Kroes M, Vles JS, Steyaert J, Feron FJ, van Zeben TM, Jolles J (2002) Neurocognitive performance of 5- and 6-year-old children who met criteria for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder at 18 months followup: results from a prospective population study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 30:589–598

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kirov R, Kinkelbur J, Heipke S, Kostanecka- Endress T, Westhoff M, Cohrs S, Rüther E, Hajak G, Banaschewski T, Rothenberger A (2004) Is there a specific polysomnographic sleep pattern in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? J Sleep Res 13:87–93

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Klingberg T, Forssberg H, Westerberg H (2002) Training of working memory in children with ADHD. J Clin Experiment Neuropsychol 24:781–791

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kroes M, Kessels AG, Kalff AC, Fereon FJ, Vissers YL, Jolles J, Vles JS (2002) Quality of movement as predictor of ADHD: results from a prospective population study in 5- and 6-year-old children. Devel Med Child Neurol 44:753–760

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lahey B, Pelham W, Stein M, Loney J, et al. (1998) Validity of DSM-1V attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder for younger children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37:695–702

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lou HC, Rosa P, Pryds O, Karrebaek H, Lunding J, Cumming P, Gjedde A (2004) ADHD: increased dopamine receptor availability linked to attention deficit and low neonatal cerebral blood flow. Devel Med Child Neurol 46:179–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Moll GH, Hause S, Ruther E, Rothenberger A, Huether G (2001) Early methlyphenidate administration to young rats causes a persistent reduction in the density of striatal dopamine transporters. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 11:15–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Moll GH, Heinrich H, Rothenberger R (2002) Transcranial magnetic stimulation in child psychiatry – disturbed motor system excitability in hypermotoric syndromes. Devel Sci 5:381–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Monteiro-Musten L, Firestone P, Pisterman S, Bennett S, Mercer J (1997) Effects of methylphenidate on preschool children with ADHD: Cognitive and behavioral functions. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:1407–1415

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Neef NA, Lutz MN (2001) Assessment of variables affecting choice and application to classroom interventions. Sch Psychol Quarterly 16:239–252

    Google Scholar 

  30. O’Brien LM, Holbrook CR, Mervis CB, Klaus CJ,Bruner JL, Raffield TJ,Rutherford J,Mehl RC,Wang M,Tuell A,Hume BC,Gozal D (2003a) Sleep and neurobehavioral characteristics of 5- to 7-year old children with parentally reported symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 111:554–563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. O’Brien LM, Ivanenko A, Crabtree VM, Holbrook CR, Bruner JL, Klaus CJ, Gozal D (2003b) The effect of stimulants on sleep characteristics in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Sleep Med 4:309–316

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Ornoy A (2003) The impact of intrauterine exposure versus postnatal environment in neurodevelopmental toxicity: long-term neurobehavioral studies in children at risk for developmental disorders. Toxicol Letters 140–141:171–181

    Google Scholar 

  33. Pavuluri M, Luk S, McGee R (1999) Parent reported preschool attention deficit hyperactivity: measurement and validity. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 8:126–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Posner MI, Raichle ME (194) Images of Mind. Scientific America Books

  35. Posner MI, Rothbart MK, Farah M, Bruer J (2001) Human Brain Development: Introduction to the Report to the McDonnell Foundation. Developmental Science 4/3 (Special Issue):253–384

    Google Scholar 

  36. Rietveld MJ, Hudziak JJ, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt CE, Boomsma DI (2003) Heritability of attetention problems in children: I cross-sectional results from a study of twins, age 3–12 years. Am J Med Genet 117B:102–113

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Rumbaugh DM, Washburn DA (1996) Attention and memory in learning: A comparative adaptational perspective. In: Lyon GR,Krasnegor NA (eds) Attention, Memory and Executive Function. Baltimore, Paul H Brookes

  38. Rutter M, Roy P, Kreppner J (2002) Institutional care as a risk factor for inattention/ overactivity. In: Sandberg S (ed) Hyperactivity and attention disorders of childhood (second edition). Cambridge, Cambridge, pp 417–434

  39. Slinning K (2004) Foster placed children prenatally exposed to poly-substances – attention-related problems at ages 2 and 41/2. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13:19–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sonuga-Barke EJS, Daley D, Thompson M (2001) Parent-based therapies for preschool attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, controlled trial with a community sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:402–408

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sonuga-Barke EJS, Daley D, Thompson M, Swanson J (2003) Preschool ADHD: exploring uncertainties in diagnostic validity and utility and treatment efficacy and safety. Expert Rev Neurothera 3:465–476

    Google Scholar 

  42. Sonuga-Barke EJS, Lamparelli M, Stevenson J, Thompson M, Henry A (1994) Behaviour Problems and preschool intellectual attainment: The associations of hyperactivity and conduct problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 35:949–960

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Sonuga-Barke EJS, Thompson M, Stevenson J, Viney D (1997) Patterns of behaviour problems among preschool children. Psychol Med 27:909–918

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Sonuga-Barke EJS (2004) Delay restructuring in the treatment of ADHD. In: Fitzner T (ed) ADHD; One Disorder or Many (in preparation)

  45. Sonuga-Barke EJS (2004) Genetic and environmental risk and the emergence of ADHD in the preschool period:A developmental consideration. In: Gerber WD, Andresik A, Dopfner M, Hanewinkel R,Stephani U (eds) Chronic Diseases in Children and Adolescence; from basics to prevention (in press)

  46. Speltz M, McClellan, DeKlyen M, Jones K (1999) Preschool boys with oppositional defiant disorder: Clinical presentation and diagnostic change. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:838–845

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Thapar A, Fowler T, Rice F, Scourfield J, van den Bree M, Thomas H, Harold G, Hay D (2003) Maternal smoking during pregnancy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in offspring. Am J Psychiatry 160:1985–1989

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Taylor E, Doepfner M, Sergeant J, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Coghill D, Danckaerts M, Rothenberger A, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen H-C, Zuddas A (2004) European clinical guidelines for hyperkinetic disorder – first upgrade. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 13(Suppl 1):I7–I30

    Google Scholar 

  49. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Brown S, et al. (2002) Psychiatric comorbidity and functioning in clinically referred preschool children and school-age youths with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41:262–268

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Zito JM, Safer DJ, dosReis S, et al. (2000) Trends in the prescribing of psychotropic medications to preschoolers. J Am Med Ass 283:1025–1030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Döpfner, M., Rothenberger, A. & Sonuga-Barke, E. Areas for future investment in the field of ADHD: Preschoolers and clinical networks. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 13 (Suppl 1), i130–i135 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-1012-8

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-004-1012-8

Keywords

Navigation