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Influence of age and diet consistency on the oral muscle pressure of orthodontically treated and untreated subjects with normal occlusion and comparison of their 3D facial shape

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Abstract

Objectives

(1) To investigate the effect of age and diet consistency on maximum lips, tongue and cheek pressure of orthodontically treated and untreated subjects with normal, Class I dental occlusion, (2) to find out whether there is a muscle imbalance between anterior tongue and lip pressure in the same subjects at different ages and (3) to compare the 3D facial shape of treated and untreated individuals.

Material and methods

Subjects with normal occlusion were prospectively grouped into orthodontically treated/untreated and in children/adolescents/adults. Iowa Oral Performance Instrument was used to record the maximum muscle pressure. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test analysed age-specific differences in muscle pressure. Two-way ANCOVA analysed the effect of diet consistency on muscle pressure. Lips and tongue imbalance was analysed using z-scores and 3D faces using a generalized Procrustes analysis.

Results

One hundred thirty-five orthodontically untreated and 114 treated participants were included. Muscle pressure was found to increase with age in both groups, except for the tongue in treated subjects. No differences in the balance between lips and tongue muscle pressure were found, but a higher cheek pressure in untreated adults (p<0.05) was observed. 3D facial shapes showed subtle differences. Untreated subjects with soft diet consistency showed lower lip pressure (p<0.05).

Conclusion

Oral muscle pressure of orthodontically treated patients without relapse does not differ from that of untreated patients with Class-I occlusion.

Clinical relevance

This study provides normative lip, tongue and cheek muscle pressure in subjects with normal occlusion, which can be used for diagnosis, treatment planning and stability.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to reasons of sensitivity and are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Data is located in the controlled access data storage of KU Leuven.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all the participants for their time and participation in this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Amit Arvind Rajbhoj, Kaat Doucet, Giacomo Begnoni, Guy Willems & María Cadenas de Llano-Pérula

  2. Medical Imaging Research Center, KU Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium

    Harold Matthews & Peter Claes

  3. Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Harold Matthews & Peter Claes

  4. Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Peter Claes

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  1. Amit Arvind Rajbhoj
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Contributions

All the authors significantly contribute for the completion of the manuscript. Amit Arvind Rajbhoj contributed to the conceptualization, data collection, methodology, interpretation, analysis, original draft preparation and critical review and editing; Harold Matthews contributed to methodology, interpretation, analysis, critical revision and editing; Kaat Doucet contributed to data collection and manuscript review and editing; Peter Claes contributed to critical review and editing; Giacomo Begnoni contributed to data collection and manuscript review; Guy Willems contributed to supervision, conceptualization and critical revision and editing; Maria Cadenas de Llano-Pérula contributed to supervision, conceptualization, interpretation, critical review and editing of the article.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amit Arvind Rajbhoj.

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Ethics approval

Approval was obtained from the ethical committee of KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium, on May 26th, 2020, with registration number S63075. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of Declaration of Helsinki.

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A written informed consent form was obtained from each participant. For subjects younger than 18 years old, informed consent was obtained from their parents/guardians.

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Rajbhoj, A.A., Matthews, H., Doucet, K. et al. Influence of age and diet consistency on the oral muscle pressure of orthodontically treated and untreated subjects with normal occlusion and comparison of their 3D facial shape. Clin Oral Invest 27, 3649–3661 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-023-04977-5

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