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Bonding performance and ultramorphology of the resin-dentine interface of contemporary universal adhesives

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Abstract

Objectives

This study aimed at evaluating the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and the resin-dentine ultramorphology (24 h and 10 months ageing) of contemporary universal adhesives applied in self-etch (SE) or etch-and-rinse (ER) mode.

Materials and methods

Sixty-four sound human molars were collected and randomly allocated in 4 main experimental groups (n = 16) according to the adhesive system employed and subsequently divided into two subgroups depending on their application mode SE or ER (n = 8): ZipBond X (ZBX-SE; ZBX-ER), Prime and Bond Active (PBA-SE; PBA-ER), Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (CBQ-SE; CBQ-ER) or Scotchbond Universal (SCH-SE; SCH-ER). The specimens were cut into sticks with a cross-sectional area of approximately 0.9 mm2 and subjected to μTBS testing at 24 h or after 10 months of ageing in artificial saliva (AS). Five representative fractured specimens from each group were analysed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Resin-dentine slabs (Ø 0.9mm2) from each experimental group were immersed in Rhodamine B and subsequently analysed using confocal microscopy analysis (CLSM). The μTBS results were analysed using a two-way ANOVA and Newman–Keuls multiple-comparison test (α = 0.05).

Results

ZBX, PBA and SCH exhibited greater μTBS values than CQB at 24 h in both SE and ER modes (p < 0.05). CQB showed a significant decrease in μTBS values after ageing both when used in SE and ER mode (p < 0.05). ZBX-ER exhibited no significant differences in the μTBS test after ageing (p > 0.05), while a significant drop in μTBS was seen in SCH-ER and APB-ER after 10-month ageing (p < 0.05). Clear signs of degradation were evident in the resin-dentine interface created with CQB regardless of the application mode or the ageing time. In APB-ER and SCH-ER groups, such signs of degradation were evident after ageing in AS. ZBX showed slight dye infiltration both when used in ER and SE mode.

Conclusions

The long-term bonding performance of modern universal adhesives is usually influenced by the adhesive strategy employed; self-etching application should be prioritised during dentine bonding. Moreover, the use of shortened bonding protocols may compromise the quality of the resin-dentine interface and the bonding performance of most modern universal adhesives.

Clinical relevance

The use of etch-and-rinse bonding procedures, as well as “shortened” application protocols should be eluded when using modern universal adhesives in dentine. However, new generation universal adhesives based on innovative chemical formulations may probably allow clinicians to achieve long-term bonding performance with such simplified system also when employed in ER mode.

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Acknowledgements

All the materials used in this study were regularly purchased from local distributors. The authors also gratefully acknowledge SDI Ltd. Bayswater, Victoria, Australia, for a generous donation of the adhesive ZipBond X used in this study. Paula Maciel Pires was undertaking a PhD exchange program at Cardenal Herrera University during a part of the experimental assay and was supported by a CAPES grant from Brazil (grant numbers 88882.424807/2018-01 and 88881.188518/2018-01).

Funding

The research facilities of this study were supported by grants “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (PID2020-120346 GB-I00) and Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera (Programa FUSP CEU-Santander 2019–2020)” (PI: SS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Paula Maciel Pires

  2. Dental Biomaterials and Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Department of Dentistry, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, CEU Universities, C/Santiago Ramón Y Cajal, s/n., Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain

    Paula Maciel Pires, Juan Manuel Nuñez Martí & Salvatore Sauro

  3. Departamento de Odontologia Restauradora Y Biomateriales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Pampite s/n y Diego de Robles, 170901, Quito, Ecuador

    Andrés Dávila-Sánchez

  4. Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain

    Vicente Faus-Matoses

  5. Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122, Foggia, Italy

    Lorenzo Lo Muzio

  6. Dental Biomaterials & Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Departamento de Odontología-Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115, Valencia, Spain

    Salvatore Sauro

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  1. Paula Maciel Pires
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Correspondence to Salvatore Sauro.

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For this type of study, formal consent is not required. Human molars used in this study were collected according to the guidelines of the local Ethics Committee (CEI20/098).

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Maciel Pires, P., Dávila-Sánchez, A., Faus-Matoses, V. et al. Bonding performance and ultramorphology of the resin-dentine interface of contemporary universal adhesives. Clin Oral Invest 26, 4391–4405 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04402-3

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