Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the impact of the lateral deflection of toothbrush bristles (amplitude) of three side-to-side toothbrushes for noncontact biofilm removal in an artificial interdental space model.
Materials and methods
A three-species biofilm (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus sanguinis) was formed in vitro on protein-coated titanium disks. A flow chamber system was combined with a static biofilm growth model. The amplitudes of three commercial side-to-side toothbrushes were evaluated by means of a dose response analysis. The amplitudes were decreased in steps (100%, 85%, 70%, 55%, and 40%). Subsequently, the biofilm-coated substrates were exposed to the toothbrushes. The biofilms were analyzed with confocal laser scanning microscope images and measured using volumetric analyses.
Results
The predictability of interdental biofilm reduction differed among the toothbrushes. A lower variety in the results of repeated experiments occurred in toothbrush C compared to toothbrushes A and B. Toothbrush C obtained highest percentage of biofilm reduction by 85% of amplitude power setting (median biofilm reduction 76%). Decreasing the amplitude from 85 to 40% resulted in reduced biofilm reduction (p = 0.029). In contrast, no significance could be observed for the differences of the tested amplitudes within toothbrushes A and B (p > 0.05). Between the toothbrushes, a significant difference in interdental biofilm reduction was found between C-A (p = 0.029) and C-B (p = 0.029) with amplitude of 85%.
Conclusions
The amplitude of one of the investigated side-to-side toothbrushes affected the biofilm reduction predictably in an interdental space model.
Clinical relevance
Within certain toothbrushes, a specific amplitude power setting may demonstrate beneficial effects on noncontact biofilm removal.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Elisabeth Filipuzzi-Jenny (Clinic of Preventive Dentistry and Oral Microbiology, University of Basel) for laboratory assistance; Dr. Oliver Biehlmaier (Image Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel) for assistance with microscopic analyses; Ing. EurEta Sascha Martin (Department of Physics, University of Basel) for the construction of the toothbrush apparatus; and Dipl. El. Ing. HTL Michael Steinacher (Department of Physics, University of Basel) for the measurement and regulation of oscillation frequencies and amplitudes (Department of Physics, University of Basel).
Funding
This project was supported in part by an unrestricted grant from the DGPZM (German Society for Preventive Dentistry) CP-GABA research fund. The titanium disks were provided by Straumann AG (Basel, Switzerland).
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The authors Julia C. Schmidt, Monika Astasov-Frauenhoffer, Tuomas Waltimo, Roland Weiger, and Clemens Walter declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Basel, Switzerland (EK:295/08).
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Informed consent was obtained by saliva providers.
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Schmidt, J.C., Astasov-Frauenhoffer, M., Waltimo, T. et al. Influence of the amplitude of different side-to-side toothbrushes on noncontact biofilm removal. Clin Oral Invest 23, 1951–1957 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2633-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2633-5