Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Metagenomic analysis of the peri-implant and periodontal microflora in patients with clinical signs of gingivitis or mucositis

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Clinical Oral Investigations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The long-term success of osseointegrated oral implants is endangered by inflammation of peri-implant hard and soft tissues caused by bacterial biofilms that may have been initiated by bacterial transmission from the adjacent dentition. The present study aimed to compare the bacterial communities at inflamed implant and tooth sites by broad-range PCR techniques to evaluate the etiological processes of peri-implant and periodontal diseases and potential future therapeutic strategies. Eighteen samples of peri-implant and periodontal microflora were collected from nine partially edentulous patients with implant-retained crowns or bridges revealing clinical signs of gingivitis or mucositis. The clinical parameters plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing were recorded. Amplified fragments of bacterial 16S rRNA genes were separated by use of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, and sequences were determined to identify the predominant bacterial genera. The clinical parameters PI and PD were significantly different at implants (PI = 0.4 ± 0.7, PD = 3.1 ± 0.6 mm) compared with teeth (PI = 1.8 ± 0.8, PD = 2.5 ± 0.2 mm). A total of 20 different genera were found at the inflamed tooth and implant sites. The microbial diversity of the microflora surrounding the remaining dentition (12.0 ± 3.8) was significantly higher (p = 0.01) than the diversity of the peri-implant microflora at implant-retained crowns or bridges (6.3 ± 2.3). Within the limitations of the present study, the microbial diversity of the investigated implants and teeth with clinical signs of mucositis or gingivitis exhibits substantial differences, demonstrating that transmission of the complete bacterial microflora from teeth to implants could be excluded. Furthermore, broad-range molecular biological detection methods specify bacterial genera and species in the peri-implant and periodontal microflora which were not in the focus of research interests so far.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Snauwaert K, Duyck J, van Steenberghe D, Quirynen M, Naert I (2000) Time dependent failure rate and marginal bone loss of implant supported prostheses: a 15-year follow-up study. Clin Oral Investig 4(1):13–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Esposito M, Hirsch JM, Lekholm U, Thomsen P (1998) Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants. (II). Etiopathogenesis. Eur J Oral Sci 106(3):721–764

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Berglundh T, Persson L, Klinge B (2002) A systematic review of the incidence of biological and technical complications in implant dentistry reported in prospective longitudinal studies of at least 5 years. J Clin Periodontol 29(Suppl 3):197–212, discussion 232–193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Heuer W, Elter C, Demling A, Neumann A, Suerbaum S, Hannig M, Heidenblut T, Bach FW, Stiesch-Scholz M (2007) Analysis of early biofilm formation on oral implants in man. J Oral Rehabil 34(5):377–382

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Slots J (1977) The predominant cultivable microflora of advanced periodontitis. Scand J Dent Res 85(2):114–121

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Loe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB (1965) Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol 36:177–187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Quirynen M, Vogels R (2002) Clinical relevance of surface characteristics on the formation of plaque on teeth and implants. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 109(11):422–429

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Slots J (1977) Microflora in the healthy gingival sulcus in man. Scand J Dent Res 85(4):247–254

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hannig M (1997) Transmission electron microscopic study of in vivo pellicle formation on dental restorative materials. Eur J Oral Sci 105(5 Pt 1):422–433

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Li J, Helmerhorst EJ, Leone CW, Troxler RF, Yaskell T, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS, Oppenheim FG (2004) Identification of early microbial colonizers in human dental biofilm. J Appl Microbiol 97(6):1311–1318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE (2005) Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol 43(11):5721–5732

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Leonhardt A, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Dahlen G (1992) Putative periodontal pathogens on titanium implants and teeth in experimental gingivitis and periodontitis in beagle dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 3(3):112–119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Berglundh T, Lindhe J, Marinello C, Ericsson I, Liljenberg B (1992) Soft tissue reaction to de novo plaque formation on implants and teeth. An experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 3(1):1–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Ericsson I, Berglundh T, Marinello C, Liljenberg B, Lindhe J (1992) Long-standing plaque and gingivitis at implants and teeth in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 3(3):99–103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Abrahamsson I, Berglundh T, Lindhe J (1998) Soft tissue response to plaque formation at different implant systems. A comparative study in the dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 9(2):73–79

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Rozen R, Bachrach G, Steinberg D (2004) Effect of carbohydrates on fructosyltransferase expression and distribution in Streptococcus mutans GS-5 biofilms. Carbohydr Res 339(18):2883–2888

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lima EM, Koo H, Vacca Smith AM, Rosalen PL, Del Bel Cury AA (2008) Adsorption of salivary and serum proteins, and bacterial adherence on titanium and zirconia ceramic surfaces. Clin Oral Implants Res 19(8):780–785

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kreth J, Merritt J, Qi F (2009) Bacterial and host interactions of oral streptococci. DNA Cell Biol 28(8):397–403

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Demling A, Demling C, Schwestka-Polly R, Stiesch M, Heuer W (2009) Influence of lingual orthodontic therapy on microbial parameters and periodontal status in adults. Eur J Orthod 31:638–642

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Grossner-Schreiber B, Teichmann J, Hannig M, Dorfer C, Wenderoth DF, Ott SJ (2009) Modified implant surfaces show different biofilm compositions under in vivo conditions. Clin Oral Implants Res 20(8):817–826

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gouvoussis J, Sindhusake D, Yeung S (1997) Cross-infection from periodontitis sites to failing implant sites in the same mouth. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 12(5):666–673

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Brown LJ, Johns BA, Wall TP (2002) The economics of periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 29:223–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Heuer W, Stiesch M, Abraham WR (2011) Microbial diversity of supra- and subgingival biofilms on freshly colonized titanium implant abutments in the human mouth. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 30:193–200

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215(3):403–410

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cole JR, Wang Q, Cardenas E, Fish J, Chai B, Farris RJ, Kulam-Syed-Mohideen AS, McGarrell DM, Marsh T, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM (2009) The Ribosomal Database Project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis. Nucleic Acids Res 37(Database issue):D141–D145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Seksik P, Rigottier-Gois L, Gramet G, Sutren M, Pochart P, Marteau P, Jian R, Dore J (2003) Alterations of the dominant faecal bacterial groups in patients with Crohn’s disease of the colon. Gut 52(2):237–242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mombelli A, van Oosten MA, Schurch E Jr, Land NP (1987) The microbiota associated with successful or failing osseointegrated titanium implants. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2(4):145–151

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Ong ES, Newman HN, Wilson M, Bulman JS (1992) The occurrence of periodontitis-related microorganisms in relation to titanium implants. J Periodontol 63(3):200–205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kolenbrander PE (2000) Oral microbial communities: biofilms, interactions, and genetic systems. Annu Rev Microbiol 54:413–437

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Salvi GE, Furst MM, Lang NP, Persson GR (2008) One-year bacterial colonization patterns of Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria at implants and adjacent teeth. Clin Oral Implants Res 19(3):242–248

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mineoka T, Awano S, Rikimaru T, Kurata H, Yoshida A, Ansai T, Takehara T (2008) Site-specific development of periodontal disease is associated with increased levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia in subgingival plaque. J Periodontol 79(4):670–676

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Quirynen M, Vogels R, Peeters W, van Steenberghe D, Naert I, Haffajee A (2006) Dynamics of initial subgingival colonization of ‘pristine’ peri-implant pockets. Clin Oral Implants Res 17(1):25–37

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Danser MM, van Winkelhoff AJ, de Graaff J, Loos BG, van der Velden U (1994) Short-term effect of full-mouth extraction on periodontal pathogens colonizing the oral mucous membranes. J Clin Periodontol 21(7):484–489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lau L, Sanz M, Herrera D, Morillo JM, Martin C, Silva A (2004) Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction versus culture: a comparison between two methods for the detection and quantification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Periodontol 31(12):1061–1069

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Keller W, Bragger U, Mombelli A (1998) Peri-implant microflora of implants with cemented and screw retained suprastructures. Clin Oral Implants Res 9(4):209–217

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Lazarevic V, Whiteson K, Hernandez D, Francois P, Schrenzel J (2010) Study of inter- and intra-individual variations in the salivary microbiota. BMC Genomics 11:523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Elter C, Heuer W, Demling A, Hannig M, Heidenblut T, Bach FW, Stiesch-Scholz M (2008) Supra- and subgingival biofilm formation on implant abutments with different surface characteristics. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 23(2):327–334

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Burgers R, Gerlach T, Hahnel S, Schwarz F, Handel G, Gosau M (2010) In vivo and in vitro biofilm formation on two different titanium implant surfaces. Clin Oral Implants Res 21(2):156–164

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Preza D, Olsen I, Willumsen T, Grinde B, Paster BJ (2009) Diversity and site-specificity of the oral microflora in the elderly. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28(9):1033–1040

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Lindhe J, Berglundh T, Ericsson I, Liljenberg B, Marinello C (1992) Experimental breakdown of peri-implant and periodontal tissues. A study in the beagle dog. Clin Oral Implants Res 3(1):9–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are indebted to Ralph Scherer and Dr. Ludwig Hoy from the Institute for Biometry at the Hannover Medical School for the excellent statistical consultancy. This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 599 TP D8; PI: M. Stiesch)

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany

    Wieland Heuer, Sascha Nico Stumpp, Jörg Eberhard, Eva Gellermann, Andreas Winkel & Meike Stiesch

  2. Salzgitter, Germany

    Andreas Kettenring

Authors
  1. Wieland Heuer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andreas Kettenring
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sascha Nico Stumpp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jörg Eberhard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Eva Gellermann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Andreas Winkel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Meike Stiesch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wieland Heuer.

Additional information

Wieland Heuer and Andreas Kettenring contributed equally to the manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Heuer, W., Kettenring, A., Stumpp, S.N. et al. Metagenomic analysis of the peri-implant and periodontal microflora in patients with clinical signs of gingivitis or mucositis. Clin Oral Invest 16, 843–850 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-011-0561-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-011-0561-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation