Abstract
Advances of sensor and radio frequency identification (RFID) technology provide significant new power for humans to sense, understand and manage the world. RFID provides fast data collection with precise identification of objects with unique IDs without line of sight, thus it can be used for identifying, locating, tracking and monitoring physical objects. Despite these benefits, RFID poses many challenges for data processing and management: (i) RFID observations have implicit meanings, which have to be transformed and aggregated into semantic data represented in their data models; and (ii) RFID data are temporal, streaming, and in high volume, and have to be processed on the fly. Thus, a general RFID data processing framework is needed to automate the transformation of physical RFID observations into the virtual counterparts in the virtual world linked to business applications. In this paper, we take an event-oriented approach to process RFID data, by devising RFID application logic into complex events. We then formalize the specification and semantics of RFID events and rules. We discover that RFID events are highly temporal constrained, and include non-spontaneous events, and develop an RFID event detection engine that can effectively process complex RFID events. The declarative event-based approach greatly simplifies the work of RFID data processing, and can significantly reduce the cost of RFID data integration.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
EPC Tag Data Standards Version 1.1. Technical report, EPCGlobal Inc., April 2004
Wang, F., Liu, P.: Temporal management of RFID data. In: VLDB (2005)
RFID 2004 FORUM Report. http://www.wireless.ucla.edu/techreports2/RFID-2004-Forum.pdf
Chakravarthy, S., Krishnaprasad, V., Anwar, E., Kim, S.-K.: Composite events for active databases: semantics, contexts and detection. In: VLDB, pp. 606–617 (1994)
Chakravarthy S., Mishra D.: Snoop: an expressive event specification language for active databases. Data Knowl. Eng. 14(1), 1–26 (1994)
Luckham D.C.: The Power of Events: An Introduction to Complex Event Processing in Distributed Enterprise Systems. AddisonWesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., Boston (2001)
Mansouri-Samani M., Sloman M.: GEM: a generalized event monitoring language for distributed systems. Distrib. Syst. Eng. 4(2), 96–108 (1997)
Liu, G., Mok, A., Konana, P.: A unified approach for specifying timing constraints and composite events in active real-time database systems. In: RTAS (1998)
Motakis I., Zaniolo C.: Formal semantics for composite temporal events in active database rules. J. Syst. Integr. 7(3/4), 291–325 (1997)
Hinze, A.: Efficient filtering of composite events. In: BNCOD (2003)
Wu, E., Diao, Y., Rizvi, S.: High-performance complex event processing over streams. In: SIGMOD (2006)
The METRO Group Future Store Initiative. http://www.future-store.org
Widom J., Ceri S.: Active Database Systems: Triggers and Rules For Advanced Database Processing. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1996)
Gehani, N.H., Jagadish, H.V., Shmueli, O.: Composite event specification in active databases: model & implementation. In: VLDB (1992)
Palmer, M.: Seven Principles of Effective RFID Data Management. http://www.objectstore.com/docs/articles/7principles_rfid_mgmnt.pdf, Aug. 2004
Gupta, A., Srivastava, M.: Developing Auto-ID Solutions using Sun Java System RFID Software. http://www.java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/Ecommerce/rfid/sjsrfid/RFID.html, Oct 2004
Bornhoevd, C., Lin, T., Haller, S., Schaper, J.: Integrating automatic data acquisition with business processes: Experiences with SAP’s Auto-ID infrastructure. In: VLDB, pp. 1182–1188 (2004)
Oracle Sensor Edge Server, http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/iaswe/edge_server
WebSphere RFID Premises Server. http://www-306.ibm.com/software/pervasive/ws_rfid_premises_server/, December 2004
Sybase RFID Solutions. http://www.sybase.com/products/rfidsoftware, 2007
UCLA WinRFID Middleware. http://www.wireless.ucla.edu/rfid/winrfid/
Oracle sensor edge server guide, http://www.oracle.com/technology/products/sensor_edge_server/oracle_sensor_edge_server_guide.pdf
Franklin, M.J., Jeffery, S.R., Krishnamurthy, S., Reiss, F., Rizvi, S., Wu, E., Cooper, O., Edakkunni, A., Hong, W.: Design considerations for high fan-in systems: The HiFi approach. In: CIDR, pp. 290–304 (2005)
Rizvi, S., Jeffery, S.R., Krishnamurthy, S., Franklin, M.J., Burkhart, N., Edakkunni, A., Liang, L.: Events on the edge. In: SIGMOD, pp. 885–887 (2005)
Epcglobal, http://www.epcglobalinc.org
Gatziu, S., Dirtrich, K.R.: Detecting composite events in active databases using petri nets. In: Workshop on Research Issues in Data Engineering: Active Database Systems (1994)
Gehani, N.H., Jagadish, H.V., Shmueli, O.: Composite event specification in active databases: Model & implementation. In: VLDB ’92: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, pp. 327–338. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA (1992)
Gatziu, S., Dittrich, K.R.: Events in an active object-oriented database system. In: RIDS (1993)
Dayal U. et al.: The hipac project: Combining active databases and timing constraints. SIGMOD Rec. 17(1), 51–70 (1988)
Lieuwen, D.F., Gehani, N., Arlein, R.: The Ode active database: Trigger semantics and implementation. In: ICDE (1996)
Zimmer, D., Unland, R.: On the semantics of complex events in active database management systems. In: ICDE (1999)
Adaikkalavan R., Chakravarthy S.: SnoopIB: Interval-based event specification and detection for active databases. Data Knowl. Eng. 59(1), 139–165 (2006)
Cranor, C., Gao, Y., Johnson, T., Shkapenyuk, V., Spatscheck, O.: Gigascope: High performance network monitoring with an SQL interface. In: SIGMOD, pp. 623–623 (2002)
Motwani, R., et al.: Query processing, approximation, and resource management in a data stream management system. In: CIDR (2003)
Chandrasekaran, S., Cooper, O., Deshpande, A., Franklin, M.J., Hellerstein, J.M., Hong, W., Krishnamurthy, S., Madden, S., Raman, V., Reiss, F., Shah, M.A.: TelegraphCQ: Continuous dataflow processing for an uncertain world. In: CIDR (2003)
Abadi D.J., Carney D., Çetintemel U., Cherniack M., Convey C., Lee S., Stonebraker M., Tatbul N., Zdonik S.: Aurora: a new model and architecture for data stream management. VLDB J. 12(2), 120–139 (2003)
Jiang, Q., Adaikkalavan, R., Chakravarthy, S.: Towards an integrated model for event and stream processing. Technical Report CSE-2004-10, University of Texas at Arlington (2004)
Bai, Y., Thakkar, H., Wang, H., Luo, C., Zaniolo, C.: A data stream language and system designed for power and extensibility. In: CIKM (2006)
Arasu A., Babu S., Widom J.: The cql continuous query language: Semantic foundations and query execution. VLDB J. 15(2), 121–142 (2006)
Bea weblogic epl reference 2.0, http://www.edocs.bea.com/wlevs/docs20/epl_guide/index.html
Demers, A.J., Gehrke, J., Panda, B., Riedewald, M., Sharma, V., White, W.M.: Cayuga: A general purpose event monitoring system. In: CIDR, pp. 412–422 (2007)
Bai, Y., Wang, F., Liu, P., Zaniolo, C., Liu, S.: RFID data processing with a data stream query language. In: ICDE (2007)
Diao, Y., Immerman, N., Gyllstrom, D.: SASE+: An agile language for kleene closure over event streams. Technical report, UMass (2007)
Gyllstrom, D., Agrawal, J., Diao, Y., Immerman, N.: On supporting kleene closure over event streams. In: ICDE (2008)
Aguilera, M.K., Strom, R.E., Sturman, D.C., Astley, M., Chandra, T.D.: Matching events in a content-based subscription system. In: PODC, pp. 53–61 (1999)
Carzaniga, A., Wolf, A.L.: Forwarding in a content-based network. In: SIGCOMM, pp. 163–174 (2003)
Fabret F., Jacobsen H.A., Llirbat F., Pereira J., Ross K.A., Shasha D.: Filtering algorithms and implementation for very fast publish/subscribe systems. SIGMOD Rec. 30(2), 115–126 (2001)
White, W., Riedewald, M., Gehrke, J., Demers, A.: What is “Next” in event processing? In: PODS (2007)
Khoussainova, N., Balazinska, M., Suciu, D.: PEEX: Extracting probabilistic events from RFID data. In: ICDE (2008)
Bai, Y., Wang, F., Liu, P.: Efficiently filtering RFID data streams. In: CleanDB (2006)
Rao, J., Doraiswamy, S., Thakkar, H., Colby, L.S.: A deferred cleansing method for RFID data analytics. In: VLDB (2006)
Jeffery, S.R., Garofalakis, M., Franklin, M.J.: Adaptive cleaning for RFID data streams. In: VLDB (2006)
Brusey, J., Floerkemeier, C., Harrison, M., Fletcher, M.: Reasoning About uncertainty in location identification with RFID. In: Workshop on Reasoning with Uncertainty in Robotics at IJCAI, August (2003)
Vogt, H.: Efficient object identification with passive RFID tags. In: Pervasive (2002)
Class 1 generation 2 uhf air interface protocol standard, http://www.epcglobalinc.org/standards/uhfc1g2/uhfc1g2_1_1_0-standard-20071017.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This work was done by F. Wang while working at Siemens Corporate Research.
This work was done by S. Liu while visiting Siemens Corporate Research.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, F., Liu, S. & Liu, P. Complex RFID event processing. The VLDB Journal 18, 913–931 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00778-009-0139-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00778-009-0139-0