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Indikation, Technik und Ergebnisse des konventionellen thorakoabdominalen Aortenersatzes

Indications, techniques and results of conventional thoracoabdominal aorta replacement

  • Leitthema: Thorakoabdominelle Aortenaneurysmen
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Zusammenfassung

Die konventionelle chirurgische Therapie zur Behandlung des thorakoabdominalen Aortenaneurysmas stellt die größte Herausforderung in der Gefäßchirurgie dar. Die schwerwiegendste Komplikation ist der ischämische spinale Schaden, dessen Ausmaß bestimmt, ob der Patient eine Paraplegie oder eine Paraparese entwickelt. TAAA Typ I, II und III sind die ausgedehntesten Aneurysmen, die mit einem höheren Prozentsatz von pulmonalen, viszeralen, renalen und spinalen Komplikationen behaftet sind. Unsere eigenen Ergebnisse in Bezug auf postoperative Gesamtsterblichkeit und spinale Komplikationen sind schlechter als die jener Gruppen, welche mehr und mehr Linksherzbypass, kardiopulmonalen Bypass und andere Umleitungstechniken einsetzen. Allerdings werden unsere Ergebnisse in dieser Arbeit über einen sehr langen Behandlungszeitraum dargestellt. Die jüngsten Ergebnisse mit regelmäßigem Einsatz eines extraanatomischen Shunt sind ebenfalls deutlich verbessert, werden aber später separat dargestellt.

Ein wesentlicher Faktor zur Verbesserung der operativen Ergebnisse erscheint im eigenen Krankengut auch eine bessere Selektion der Patienten. Die Überwachung der spinalen Funktion während der Operation, entweder durch motorisch evozierte Potenziale oder durch die von uns entwickelte spinale somatosensorische evozierte Technik erbringt eine kontinuierliche Information während der Aortenabklemmung über die spinale Blutzufuhr und ist sehr hilfreich, eine unzureichende Durchblutung zu entdecken, die immer zusätzliche Reimplantationen von Interkostal- und Lumbalarterien nach sich ziehen sollte.

Die anatomische Quelle der spinalen Blutversorgung beim einzelnen Patienten kann bei einem Drittel aller präoperativen Arteriographien nicht identifiziert werden, deshalb erscheint uns das spinale Monitoring unverzichtbar. Da spinale und andere Organkomplikationen bei Typ-I-, II und -III-Patienten auch bei sehr erfahrenen Arbeitsgruppen nach wie vor hoch sind, kommt die endovaskuläre Therapie mehr und mehr als hilfreiche Ergänzung, als Komplettmethode oder in Form der Hybridtechnik in die Diskussion, da in einzelnen Fällen überraschende Frühresultate erzielt worden sind. Allerdings erfordert der langstreckige Aortenersatz eine Revaskularisation aller abgehenden Arterien auf anderem Wege, bevor das Aneurysma durch eine endovaskuläre Stent-Graft-Prothese ausgeschaltet werden kann.

Einzelne Literaturmitteilungen versprechen, dass die Häufigkeit spinaler Komplikationen geringer sei als nach konventioneller chirurgischer Therapie, allerdings zeigt der Vergleich mit den Resultaten der erfahrensten chirurgischen Arbeitsgruppen keinen überzeugenden Unterschied. Die Verbesserung der endovaskulären Technologie ist zukünftig zu erwarten, und bis zum Erscheinen von Mitteilungen über ausgedehntere Erfahrungen bleibt nach unserer Ansicht die konventionelle Chirurgie die Basis aller Entscheidungen, zumal die Haltbarkeit der Stent-Graft-Prothesen in den letzten Jahren nicht zufriedenstellend war. Im Augenblick sollte bei unklaren und Hochrisikofällen die individuelle Therapie mit Spezialisten diskutiert werden.

Abstract

Conventional surgery for the replacement of the thoracoabdominal aorta for aneurysm is the most demanding surgical procedure in vascular surgery. The most devastating complication is ischemic spinal cord damage. Our own results on mortality and spinal cord complications are inferior to those groups which more and more frequently apply left heart bypass, cardiopulmonary bypass and other techniques. However, the presentation of our results covers a very long time period. Our recent results using temporary extraanatomic bypass procedures show substantial improvements, but will be presented separately later.

Spinal cord monitoring, either by the motor evoked technique or by our spinal somato-sensory evoked technique is very helpful in detecting insufficient blood supply, which always requires additional reimplantation of intercostal and lumbar arteries.

As spinal cord and other organ complications are still high in TAAA type I, II and III patients, even in very experienced groups, endovascular treatment may become a helpful adjunct and hybrid-procedures are feasible. However, such a method requires revascularisation of all arteries arising from the thoracoabdominal aorta before the aneurysm can be closed by an endovascular stent-graft prosthesis.

It seems probable that the frequency of spinal cord injury maybe less than after conventional surgery, but single centre reports and case reports in the literature, if compared to the best results of open repair, do not show a reduced rate of paraplegia. Improvement in endovascular technology is to be awaited and, until more extensive experience with endografting is reported, open surgery remains the basic type of management, because durability after stent-graft repair seems to be inferior.

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Sandmann, W., Grabitz, K., Pfeiffer, T. et al. Indikation, Technik und Ergebnisse des konventionellen thorakoabdominalen Aortenersatzes. Gefässchirurgie 10, 7–22 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-004-0382-z

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