Zusammenfassung
Seit Ende der 1990er Jahre besteht eine Übereinkunft in der Onkologie, bestimmte Tumorsituationen nicht als CUP einzuordnen, sondern spezifisch zu behandeln, selbst wenn der Primarius mit moderner Diagnostik bildgebend und histologisch nicht zu sichern ist. Ferner sehen es viele Experten als sinnvoll an, CUP-Studien zum Zweck der Vergleichbarkeit auf Patienten mit Adenokarzinom und undifferenziertem Karzinom zu beschränken. Eine aktuelle bevölkerungsbasierte Analyse aus Schweden bestätigt, dass ein solches Vorgehen sinnvoll ist. Der folgende Beitrag definiert Patienten mit ungünstigem Risikoprofil bei CUP als Patienten, für die keine Behandlungsmöglichkeit in Analogie einer metastasierten Erkrankung bei bekanntem Primarius gegeben ist. Methoden des molekularen Profiling von Tumoren werden diese Patientengruppe künftig möglicherweise immer weiter einengen.
Hinsichtlich Kombinationschemotherapie gilt heute eine platinhaltige Behandlung bei CUP als Standard. Als Kombinationspartner kommen ein Taxan oder Gemcitabin infrage. Für geeignete Patienten gibt es eine Indikation zur Zweilinientherapie. Zwei von 4 Studien wählten eine Kombination aus Oxaliplatin und Capecitabin, 2 weitere setzten platinfreie Kombinationen auf der Basis von Gemcitabin ein. Zielgerichtete Substanzen gegen molekulare Targets erscheinen gerade beim CUP erfolgversprechend. Therapien basieren z. B. auf Kombinationen aus dem VEGF-Inhibitor Bevacizumab und dem EGF-Rezeptor-Inhibitor Erlotinib sowie dem EGF-Rezeptor-Antikörper Cetuximab.
Abstract
Since the end of the 1990s there has been concensus in oncology not to assign certain tumor situations to carcinoma of unknown primary site (CUP) but to use specific treatment even if the primary tumor could not be confirmed with modern imaging diagnostics. Furthermore, many experts consider that for comparative purposes it would make sense to limit CUP studies to patients with adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. A current population-based analysis from Sweden confirmed that such an approach makes sense. This article defines patients with an adverse risk profile with CUP as patients for whom no therapy options exist analogous to metastasized disease with a known primary tumor. Methods for molecular profiling of tumors can possibly be used in the future to narrow down this patient group.
With respect to combination therapy, treatment containing platinum is considered to be the gold standard with taxan or gemcitabin as the combination partner. For selected patients there are indications for second-line therapy. In two out of four studies a combination of oxaliplatin and capecitabin was selected and two used a platinum-free combination based on gemcitabin. Target-oriented substances against molecular targets seem to be especially promising for CUP. Therapy is based on combinations of the VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab and the EGF receptor inhibitor erlotinib as well as the EGF receptor antibody cetuximab.
Literatur
Greco FA, Pavlidis N (2009) Treatment for patients with unknown primary carcinoma and unfavorable prognostic factors. Semin Oncol 36:65–74
Hemminki K, Bevier M, Hemminki A, Sundquist J (2012) Survival in cancer of unknown primary site: population-based analysis by site and histology. Ann Oncol 23:1854–1863
Van der Gaast A, Verweij J, Planting AST et al (1995) Simple prognostic model to predict survival in patients with undifferentiated carcinoma of unknown primary site. J Clin Oncol 13:1720–1725
Culine S, Kramar A, Saghatchian M et al (2002) Development and validation of a prognostic model to predict the length of survival in patients with carcinomas of an unknown primary site. J Clin Oncol 20:4679–4683
Assersohn L, Norman AR, Cunningham D et al (2003) A randomised study of protracted venous infusion of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with or without bolus mitomycin C (MMC) in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary. Eur J Cancer 39:1121–1128
Gross-Goupil M, Fourcade A, Blot E et al (2012) Cisplatin alone or combined with gemcitabine in carcinomas of unknown primary: results of the randomised GEFCAPI 02 trial. Eur J Cancer 48:721–727
Briasoulis E, Kalofonos H, Bafaloukos D et al (2000) Carboplatin plus paclitaxel in unknown primary carcinoma: a phase II Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 18:3101–3107
Greco FA, Burris III HA, Litchy S et al (2002) Gemcitabine, carboplatin, and paclitaxel for patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site: a Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network study 20:1651–1656
El-Rayes BF, Shields AF, Zalupski M (2005) A phase II study of carboplatin and paclitaxel in adenocarcinoma of unknown primary. Am J Clin Oncol 28:152–156
Pentheroudakis G, Briasoulis E, Kalofonos HP et al (2008) Docetaxel and carboplatin combination chemotherapy as outpatient palliative therapy in carcinoma of unknown primary: a multicentre Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group phase II study. Acta Oncol 47:1148–1155
Hundahl Moeller AK, Pedersen KD, Gothelf A et al (2010) Paclitaxel, cisplatin and gemcitabine in treatment of carcinomas of unknown primary site, a phase II study. Acta Oncol 49:423–430
Balana C, Manzano JL, Moreno I et al (2003) A phase II study of cisplatin, etoposide and gemcitabine in an unfavourable group of patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. Ann Oncol 14:1425–1429
Pittmann KB, Olver IN, Koczware B et al (2006) Gemcitabine and carboplatin in carcinoma of unknown primary site: a phase 2 Adelaide Cancer Trials And Education Collaborative study. Br J Cancer 95:1309–1313
Schneider BJ, El-Rayes B, Muler JH et al (2007) Phase II trial of carboplatin, gemcitabine, and capecitabine in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. Cancer 110:770–775
Parnis FX, Olver IN, Kotasek D et al (2000) Phase II study of epirubicin, cisplatin and continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil (ECF) for carcinoma of unknown primary site. Ann Oncol 11:883–884
Voog E, Merrouche Y, Trillet-Lenoir V et al (2000) Multicentric phase II study of cisplatin and etoposide in patients with metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary. Ann J Clin Oncol 23(6):614–616
Guardiola E, Pivot X, Tchicknavorian X et al (2001) Combination of cisplatin-doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide in adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site. Ann J Clin Oncol 24(4):372–375
Macdonald AG, Nicolson MC, Samuel LM et al (2002) A phase II study of mitomycin C, cisplatin and continous infusion 5-fluorouracil (MCF) in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. Br J Cancer 86:1238–1242
Piga A, Nortilli R, Cetto GL et al (2004) Carboplatin, doxorubicin and etoposide in the treatment of tumours of unknown primary site. Br J Cancer 90:1898–1904
Briasoulis E, Fountzilas G, Bamias A et al (2008) Multicenter phase-II trial of irinotecan plus oxaliplatin (IROX regimen) in patients with poor-prognosis cancer of unknown primary: a Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 62:277–284
Yonemori K, Ando M, Yunokawa M et al (2009) Irinotecan plus carboplatin for patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. Br J Cancer 100:50–55
Poussel D, Culine S, Becht C et al (2004) Gemcitabine and docetaxel as front-Line chemotherapy in patients with carcinoma of an unknown primary site. Cancer 100:1257–1261
Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Raefsky EL et al (2005) Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with previously treated carcinoma of an unknown primary site. Cancer 104:1992–1997
Hundahl Moeller AK, Pedersen KD, Abildgaard J et al (2010) Capecitabine and oxaliplatin as second-line treatment in patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. Acta Oncol 49:431–435
Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Burris HA et al (2010) Oxaliplatin and capecitabine in the treatment of patients with recurrent or refractory carcinoma of unknown primary site. Cancer 116:2448–2454
Dowell JE, Garrett AM, Shyr Y et al (2001) A randomized phase II trial in patients with carcinoma of an unknown primary site. Cancer 91:592–597
Culine S, Lortholary A, Voigt JJ et al (2003) Cisplatin in combination with either Gemcitabine or Irinotecan in carcinomas of unknown primary site: results of a randomized phase II study-trial for the French Study Group on Carcinomas of Unknown Primary (GEFCAPI 01). J Clin Oncol 21:3479–3482
Palmeri S, Lorusso V, Palmeri L et al (2006) Cisplatin and gemcitabine with either vinorelbine or paclitaxel in the treatment of carcinomas of unknown primary site. Cancer 107:2898–2905
Huebner G, Link H, Kohne CH et al (2009) Paclitaxel and carboplatin vs gemcitabine and vinorelbine in patients with adeno- or undifferentiated carcinoma of unknown primary: a randomised prospective phase II trial. Br J Cancer 100:44–49
Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Clark BL et al (2010) Paclitaxel/carboplatin/etoposide versus gemcitabine/irinotecan in the first-line treatment of patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. Cancer J 16:70–75
Golfinopoulos V, Pentheroudakis G, Salanti G et al (2009) Comparative survival with diverse chemotherapy regimens for cancer of unknown primary site: multiple-treatment meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev 35:570–573
Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Farley C et al (2007) Phase II trial of bevacizumab and erlotinib in carcinomas of unknown primary site: the Minnie Pearl Center Research Network. J Clin Oncol 25:1747–1752
Hainsworth JD, Spigel DR, Thompson DS et al (2009) Paclitaxel/carboplatin plus bevacizumab/erlotinib in the first-line treatment of patients with carcinoma of unknown primary site. Oncologist 14:1189–1197
Interessenkonflikt
Der korrespondierende Autor gibt für sich und seinen Koautor an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stahl, M., Brücher-Encke, B. CUP – Internistische Therapie bei ungünstigem Risikoprofil. Onkologe 19, 29–35 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-012-2316-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-012-2316-9