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Seltene Knochentumoren der Extremitäten

Rare bone tumours of the extremities

  • Leitthema
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Der Onkologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Unter den mesenchymalen Tumoren der Extremitäten sind Knochentumoren wesentlich seltener als Weichgewebstumoren. Die größte Bedeutung unter den primär malignen Knochentumoren haben aufgrund ihrer relativen Häufigkeit die Osteosarkome, die Ewing-Sarkome und die Chondrosarkome einschließlich der dedifferenzierten Variante. Bei den ersten beiden Gruppen werden seit langem interdisziplinäre multimodale Behandlungskonzepte mit Kombinationen aus neoadjuvanter Chemotherapie, möglichst Extremitäten erhaltender Operation und ggf. Strahlentherapie (Ewing-Sarkom) im Rahmen internationaler Therapiestudien (EURAMOS, Euro-BOSS, Euro-EWING) angewandt, die im pädiatrisch-onkologischen Sektor initiiert wurden. Dadurch konnten die Prognosen dieser hoch malignen Tumoren deutlich verbessert werden. Bei den Chondrosarkomen steht die operative Therapie im Vordergrund. Auch wenn für diese überwiegend im Erwachsenenalter auftretenden Tumoren der Stellenwert einer Chemotherapie noch nicht geklärt werden konnte, wird nach Therapieoptionen gesucht, sodass für diese Patienten jeweils überprüft werden sollte, ob eine Behandlung im Rahmen des Euro-BOSS-Protokolls in Betracht kommt. Riesenzelltumoren, die zu erheblichen lokalen Destruktionen und nur selten zu Metastasen führen können, werden in der Regel intraläsional unter Anwendung von Adjuvanzien oder Zementfüllungen operiert. Neue therapeutische Optionen unter Einsatz osteoklasteninhibierender Substanzen könnten vielversprechend sein.

Abstract

Of the various types of mesenchymal tumours of the extremities, bone neoplasms are significantly less frequent than soft tissue neoplasms. Because of their relative frequency, osteosarcomas, Ewing’s sarcomas, and chondrosarcomas, including the dedifferentiated variant, are the most significant forms of primary malignant bone neoplasms. In the first two groups, interdisciplinary multimodal treatment concepts involving combinations of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, extremity-preserving operations (when possible) and, in some circumstances, radiation therapy (Ewing’s sarcoma) have long been applied in international treatment trials (EURAMOS, Euro-BOSS, Euro-EWING) that have been initiated in the paediatric oncological sector. This has significantly improved the prognoses of these highly malignant tumours. Surgery is the principal form of treatment for chondrosarcomas. Although the relative importance of chemotherapy has not yet been established for these tumours, which are predominantly associated with adulthood, treatment options are being sought, so it is necessary to check whether these patients could be considered for treatment under the Euro-BOSS protocol. Giant cell tumours, which can cause considerable local destruction but only rarely metastasize, are generally given intralesional surgery using adjuvants or cement fillings. Modern therapeutic options using osteoclast-inhibiting substances might well produce positive results.

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Dürr, H., Tunn, PU., Schütte, J. et al. Seltene Knochentumoren der Extremitäten. Onkologe 15, 277–291 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-009-1577-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-009-1577-4

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