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Histopathologie und Stadieneinteilung des Endometriumkarzinoms und seiner Präkanzerosen

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Zusammenfassung

Es werden heute zwei morphologisch, molekularbiologisch und prognostisch unterschiedliche Gruppen von endometrialen Adenokarzinomen voneinander abgegrenzt. Typ-I-Karzinome sind östrogenabhängig und prognostisch günstig. Das wichtigste und zahlenmäßig häufigste Karzinom dieser Gruppe ist das endometrioide Adenokarzinom. Molekularbiologisch findet sich in ca. 80% der Fälle eine Mutation des PTEN-Gens. Andere häufige Mutationen treten beim K-ras-Gen und beim β-catenin-Gen auf. Die Prognose wird wesentlich vom Tumorstadium bestimmt. Vorläuferläsion ist die atypische Endometriumhyperplasie, die ebenfalls Mutationen des PTEN-Gens erkennen lässt. Typ-II-Karzinome sind nicht östrogenabhängig, sondern treten typischerweise im atrophischen Endometrium auf. Klassische Vertreter dieser Gruppe sind das seröse und das klarzellige Karzinom. Im Gegensatz zu den Typ-I-Karzinomen sind die Karzinome dieser Gruppe p53-positiv. Vorläuferläsion des serösen Karzinoms ist wahrscheinlich das endometriale intraepitheliale Karzinom (EIC), das ebenfalls p53-positiv ist. Die Wachstumsfraktion (Ki67 bzw. MIB1) ist hoch. Die Klassifikation der Endometriumhyperplasie hat in den letzten Jahren einen Wandel erfahren, der sich auch heute noch fortsetzt. Nach der WHO-Klassifikation werden heute die einfache Hyperplasie und die komplexe Hyperplasie voneinander unterschieden; hierbei wird als weitere, biologisch und prognostisch wichtige Form die atypische Hyperplasie (komplexe Hyperplasie mit Atypie) abgegrenzt. Das neue Konzept der endometrialen intraepithelialen Neoplasie (EIN) hat aufgrund besser reproduzierbarer Kriterien eine wesentlich geringere Interobservervariabilität. Es geht davon aus, dass es sich bei den atypischen Drüsen in der Hyperplasie um eine monoklonale Proliferation handelt, die ein erhöhtes Risiko für ein Endometriumkarzinom darstellt und deshalb behandlungsbedürftig ist.

Abstract

Two groups of endometrial adenocarcinoma can be distinguished, which differ in morphology, molecular biology and prognosis. Type I carcinomas are estrogen-dependent and have a favorable prognosis. The most frequent type of carcinoma in this group is endometrioid carcinoma. By molecular biology, PTEN mutations can be found in ca. 80% of the cases. Other frequent mutations affect the K-ras and the ß catenin gene. The most important prognostic factor is tumor stage. The precursor lesion is atypical hyperplasia of the endometrium which also reveals mutations of the PTEN gene. Type II carcinomas are not estrogen-dependent and by contrast are typically found in an atrophic endometrium. Classical examples of carcinomas in this group are serous and clear cell carcinoma. In contrast to type I carcinomas, these tumors are positive for p53 by immunohistochemistry. The most likely precursor lesion of invasive serous carcinoma is the endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (EIC) which also reacts positively for p53. Growth fractions as determined by Ki67 immunostaining or MIB1 staining in type II carcinomas are large. Classification systems of endometrial hyperplasia have continued to change over the years, and this process is likely to continue. In the WHO classification simple and complex hyperplasia are distinguished as the two main groups, and as a third group atypical hyperplasia has been defined, since this form is biologically and prognostically different from the non-atypical forms. A new concept has recently been proposed. This concept of endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) is characterized by better reproducibility and lower interobserver variability. The main idea of this new concept is the perception that atypical endometrial glands represent a monoclonal proliferation of cells with an increased risk of endometrial cancer, and thus need proper treatment.

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Schmidt, D. Histopathologie und Stadieneinteilung des Endometriumkarzinoms und seiner Präkanzerosen. Onkologe 9, 1211–1218 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-003-0595-x

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