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Assessing acrolein for determination of the severity of brain stroke, dementia, renal failure, and Sjögren's syndrome

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Abstract

It was found recently that acrolein (CH2=CH–CHO), mainly produced from spermine, is more toxic than ROS (reactive oxygen species, O −·2 , H2O2, and ·OH). In this review, we describe how the seriousness of brain infarction, dementia, renal failure, and Sjӧgren’s syndrome is correlated with acrolein. In brain infarction and dementia, it was possible to identify incipient patients with high sensitivity and specificity by measuring protein-conjugated acrolein (PC-Acro) in plasma together with IL-6 and CRP in brain infarction and Aβ40/42 in dementia. The level of PC-Acro in plasma and saliva correlated with the seriousness of renal failure and Sjӧgren’s syndrome, respectively. Thus, development of acrolein scavenger medicines containing SH-group such as N-acetylcysteine derivatives is important to maintain QOL (quality of life) of the elderly.

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Abbreviations

Aβ:

Amyloid-β

AD:

Alzheimer’s disease

CA:

Carotid atherosclerosis

CRP:

C-reactive protein

GAPDH:

Glycelaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GSH:

Glutathione

GST:

Glutathione S-transferase

HNE:

4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

MCI:

Mild cognitive impairment

MMP-9:

Matrix metalloproteinase-9

MMSE:

Mini-mental state examination

NAC:

N-acetylcysteine

nd-WMH:

Non-demented subject with WMH

PAO:

Polyamine oxidase

PC-Acro:

Protein-conjugated acrolein

PC-HNE:

Protein-conjugated 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal

pSS:

Primary Sjögren’s syndrome

QOL:

Quality of life

ROC:

Receiver-operating characteristic

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RRV:

Relative risk value

SBI:

Silent brain infarction

WMH:

White-matter hyperintensity

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. A. J. Michael for his help in preparing this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Amine Pharma Research Institute, Innovation Plaza at Chiba University, 1-8-15 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-0856, Japan

    Kazuei Igarashi & Takeshi Uemura

  2. Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8675, Japan

    Kazuei Igarashi & Takeshi Uemura

  3. Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan

    Keiko Kashiwagi

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  1. Kazuei Igarashi
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  2. Takeshi Uemura
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Correspondence to Kazuei Igarashi.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants and animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the ethics committee of Chiba University and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and the later amendments or comparable ethics standards.

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Igarashi, K., Uemura, T. & Kashiwagi, K. Assessing acrolein for determination of the severity of brain stroke, dementia, renal failure, and Sjögren's syndrome. Amino Acids 52, 119–127 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-019-02700-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-019-02700-x

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