Abstract
Many lytic peptides contain a heptad sequence with leucine or isoleucine residues at “a” and “d” positions. However, their roles in the peptide-induced cytolytic process remain unclear. We have recently reported an anticancer lytic peptide ZXR-2 (FKIGGFIKKLWRSLLA), which contains a shortened zipper-like sequence with Ile/Leu at “a” and “d” positions. To understand the roles of these Ile/Leu residues, a series of analogs were constructed by sequentially replacing the Ile or Leu residue with alanine (Ala). Significant reduction of the cytolytic activity was observed when the Ile (3rd and 7th) and Leu (10th and 14th) residues at the “a” and “d” positions were substituted, while the replacement of the separate Leu (15th) residue had less effect. Based on the quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence of the peptides and their induced surface pressure changes of lipid monolayer, it was conjectured that the peptide ZXR-2 might insert into cell membranes from the C-terminal and to a depth of the W11 position. Accordingly, I3, I7, and L10 residues which mainly exposed in aqueous solution were more responsible for the peptide self-association on cell membranes, while L14, together with L15, might help peptide insert and anchor to cell membranes. These results are significant to elucidate the crucial roles of such Ile/Leu residues at “a” and “d” positions in peptide–peptide and peptide–membrane interactions to exert the membrane disruption activity of lytic peptides. With further understanding about the structure–activity relationship of lytic peptides, it would be helpful for designing novel anticancer lytic peptides.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 program; 2013CB910700), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21372026, 21402006), Beijing NOVA Program (Z131102000413010), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grand No. 2050205, JC1502, 20130801, YS1407). We thank Dr. Feng Chen at Peking University School of Stomatology for the donation of Hela cells.
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R. Fan and Y. Yuan are contributed equally to this work.
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Fan, R., Yuan, Y., Zhang, Q. et al. Isoleucine/leucine residues at “a” and “d” positions of a heptad repeat sequence are crucial for the cytolytic activity of a short anticancer lytic peptide. Amino Acids 49, 193–202 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-016-2350-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-016-2350-9