Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The birth, growth and ageing of the Kaapvaal subcratonic mantle

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Mineralogy and Petrology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Kaapvaal craton and its underlying mantle is probably one of the best studied Archean entity in the world. Despite that, discussion is still vivid on important aspects. A major debate over the last few decades is the depth of melting that generated the mantle nuclei of cratons. Our new evaluation of melting parameters in peridotite residues shows that the Cr2O3/Al2O3 ratio is the most useful pressure sensitive melting barometer. It irrevocably constrains the pressure of melting (melt separation) to less than 2 GPa with olivine (ol), orthopyroxene (opx) and spinel (sp) as residual phases. Garnet (grt) grows at increasing pressure during lithosphere thickening and subduction via the reaction opx + sp → grt + ol. The time of partial melting is constrained by Re-depletion model ages (TRD) mainly to the Archean (Pearson and Wittig 2008). However, only 3% of the ages are older than 3.1 Ga while crustal ages lie mainly between 3.1 to 2.8 Ga for the W- and 3.7 to 2.8 Ga for the E-block. Many TRD-ages are probably falsified by metasomatism and the main partial melting period was older than 3.1 Ga. Also, Nd- and Hf- model ages of peridotitic lithologies from the W-block are 3.2 to 3.6 Ga old. The corresponding very negative εNd (−40) and εHf values (−65) signal the presence of subducted crustal components in these old mantle portions. Subducted components diversify the mantle in its chemistry and thermal structure. Adjustment towards a stable configuration occurs by fluid transfer, metasomatism, partial melting and heat transfer. Ages of metasomatism from the Lu-Hf isotope system are 3.2 Ga (Lace), 2.9 Ga (Roberts Victor) and 2.62 Ga (Finsch) coinciding with the collision of cratonic blocks, the growth of diamonds, metamorphism of eclogites and of Ventersdoorp magmatism. The cratonic lithosphere was stabilized thermally by the end of the Archean and cooled since then with a rate of 0.07 °C/Ma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alterman W, Hölbich IW (1991) Structural history of the southwestern corner of the Kaapvaal craton and the adjacent Namaqua realm: new observations and reappraisal. Precambrian Res 52:133–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Aulbach S (2012) Craton nucleation and formation of thick lithospheric roots. Lithos 149:16–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Aulbach S, Jacob DE (2016) Major- and trace-elements in cratonic mantle eclogites and pyroxenites reveal heterogeneous sources and metamorphic processing of low-pressure protoliths. Lithos 262:586–605

    Google Scholar 

  • Aulbach S, Shirey SB, Stachel T, Creighton S, Muehlenbachs K, Harris JW (2009) Diamond formation episodes at the southern margin of the Kaapvaal Craton: Re-Os systematics of sulfide inclusions from the Jagersfontein Mine. Contrib Mineral Petrol 157(4):525–540

    Google Scholar 

  • Aulbach S, Viljoen KS (2015) Eclogite xenoliths from the Lace kimberlite, Kaapvaal craton: from convecting mantle source to palaeo-ocean floor and back. Earth Planet Sc Lett 431:274–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker MB, Stolper EM (1994) Determining the composition of high-pressure mantle melts using diamond aggregates. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 58:2811–2827

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell DR, Schmitz MD, Janney PE (2003) Mesozoic thermal evolution of the southern African mantle lithosphere. Lithos 71(2–4):273–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein S, Keleman PB, Hanghøj K (2007) Consistent olivine Mg# in cratonic mantle reflects Archean mantle melting to the exhaustion of orthopyroxene. Geology 35(5):459–462

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd FR (1989) Compositional distinction between oceanic and cratonic lithosphere. Earth Planet Sc Lett 96:15–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Brey GP, Köhler T (1990) Geothermobarometry in 4-phase lherzolites II. New thermobarometers, and practical assessment of existing thermometers. J Petrol 31(6):1353–1378

    Google Scholar 

  • Brey GP, Köhler T, Nickel KG (1990) Geothermobarometry in four-phase lherzolites. I. Experimental results from 10 to 60 kb. J Petrol 31:1313–1352

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulatov V, Brey GP, Foley SF (1991) Origin of low-Ca, high-Cr garnets by recrystallization of low-pressure harzburgites, 5th Int Kimberlite Conf. Araxa, Extended Abstracts, Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais Special Publication 91:29–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulatov V, Girnis AV, Brey GP (2002) Experimental melting of a modally heterogeneous mantle. Mineral Petrol 75:131–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulatov VK, Brey GP, Girnis AV, Gerdes A, Hoefer HE (2014) Carbonated sediment–peridotite interaction and melting at 7.5–12 GPa. Lithos 200-201:368–385

  • Canil D (1999) The Ni-in garnet geothermometer: calibration at natural abundances. Contrib Miner Petr136:240–246

  • Canil D (2004) Mildly incompatible elements in peridotites and the origins of mantle lithosphere. Lithos 77:375–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Canil D, Wei K (1992) Constraints on the origin of mantle-derived low Ca garnets. Contrib Mineral Petrol 109:421–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson RW, Moore RO (2004) Age of the Eastern Kaapvaal mantle: Re–Os isotope data for peridotite xenoliths from the monastery mine. S Afr J Geol 107:81–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson RW, Pearson DG, Boyd FR, Shirey SB, Irvine G, Menzies AH, Gurney JJ (1999) Re–Os systematics of lithospheric peridotites: implications for lithosphere formation and preservation. In: Gurney JJ, Gurney JL, Pascoe MD, Richardson SH (eds) Proceedings of the VIIth International Kimberlite Conference. Red Roof Designs, Cape Town, pp 99–108

  • Chapman DS, Pollack HN (1977) Regional geotherms and lithospheric thicknesses. Geology 5:265–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson JB (1984). Contrasting types of mantle metasomatism? In: Kornprobst J (ed) Kimberlites II; the mantle and crust–mantle relationships. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 289–294

  • Dutch R, Hand M (2010) Retention of Sm–Nd isotopic ages in garnets subjected to high-grade thermal reworking: implications for diffusion rates of major and rare earth elements and the Sm–Nd closure temperature in garnet. Contrib Mineral Petrol 159(1):93–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Egglington BM, Armstrong RA (2004) The Kaapvaal Craton and adjacent orogens, southern Africa: a geochronological database and overview of the geological development of the craton. S Afr J Geol 107:13–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Foley SF (2010) A reappraisal of redox melting in the Earth’s mantle as a function of tectonic setting and time. J Petrol 52(7–8):1363–1391

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey FA, John SC, Stockman HW (1985) The Ronda high temperature peridotite: geochemistry and petrogenesis. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 49:2469–2491

    Google Scholar 

  • Galer SJG, Mezger K (1998) Metamorphism, denudation and sea level in the Archean and cooling of the Earth. Precambrian Res 92:389–412

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganguly J, Tirone M (1999) Diffusion closure temperature and age of a mineral with arbitrary extent of diffusion: theoretical formulation and applications. Earth Planet Sc Lett 170:131–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson SA, Malarkey J, Day JA (2008) Melt depletion and enrichment beneath the western Kaapvaal Craton: evidence from Finsch peridotite xenoliths. J Petrol 49:1817–1852

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson SA, Mills S (2017) On the nature and origin of garnet in highly-refractory Archean lithospheric mantle: constraints from garnet exsolved in Kaapvaal craton orthopyroxenes. Mineral Mag 81(4):781–809

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzaga RG, Menzies MA, Thirlwall MF, Jacob DE, LeRoex A (2010) Eclogites and garnet pyroxenites: Problems resolving provenance using Lu-Hf, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr isotope systems. J Petrol 51:513–535

  • Grassi D, Schmidt MW (2011) Melting of carbonated pelites at 8–13 GPa: generating K-rich carbonatites for mantle metasomatism. Contrib Mineral Petrol 162:169–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin WL, Cousens DR, Ryan CG, Sie SH, Suter GF (1989) Ni in chrome pyrope garnets–a new geothermometer. Contrib Mineral Petrol 103:199–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin WL, Graham S, O’Reilly SY, Pearson NJ (2004) Lithosphere evolution beneath the Kaapvaal Craton: Re–Os systematics of sulfides in mantle-derived peridotites. Chem Geol 208:89–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin WL, O’Reilly SY, Natapov LM, Ryan CG (2003) The evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Kalahari Craton and its margins. Lithos 71:215–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin WL, O'Reilly SY, Afonso JC, Begg GC (2009) The composition and evolution of lithospheric mantle: a re-evaluation and its tectonic implications. J Petrol 50:1185–1204

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin WL, Shee SR, Ryan CG, Win TT, Wyatt BA (1999) Harzburgite to lherzolite and back again: metasomatic processes in ultramafic xenoliths from the Wesselton kimberlite, Kimberley, South Africa. Contrib Mineral Petrol 134:232–250

    Google Scholar 

  • Grutter H, Latti D, Menzies A (2006) Cr-saturation arrays in concentrate garnet compositions from kimberlite and their use in mantle barometry. J Petrol 47:801–820

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurney JJ, Harris JW, Rickard RS (1979) Silicate and oxide inclusions in diamonds from the Finsch kimberlite pipe. Proceedings of the 2nd International Kimberlite Conference, vol 1, pp 1–14

  • Gurney JJ, Switzer GS (1972) The discovery of garnets closely related to diamonds in the Finsch pipe, South Africa. Contrib Mineral Petrol 39:103–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Helmstaedt H. and Schulze DJ (1989) Southern African kimberlites and their mantle sample; implication for Archean tectonics and lithosphere evolution. In: Ross J (ed) Kimberlites and related rocks, vol 1 Geol Soc Australia Special Publication 14:358–368

  • Hervig RL, Smith JB, Dawson JB (1986) Lherzolite xenoliths in kimberlites and basalts: petrogenetic and crystallographic significance of some minor and trace elements in olivine, pyroxenes, garnet and spinel. T Roy Soc Edin-Earth 77:181–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg C (2004) Geodynamic information in peridotite petrology. J Petrol 45:2507–2530

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg C, Rudnick R (2012) Formation of cratonic lithosphere: an integrated thermal and petrological model. Lithos 149:4–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopp J, Trieloff M, Brey GP, Woodland AB, Simon NSC, Wijbrans JR, Siebel W, Reitter E (2008) 40Ar/39Ar-ages of phlogopite in mantle xenoliths from South African kimberlites: evidence for metasomatic mantle impregnation during the Kibaran orogenic cycle. Lithos 106(3–4):351–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Irvine GJ, Pearson DG, Carlson RW (2001) Lithospheric mantle evolution in the Kaapvaal craton: a Re–Os isotope study of peridotite xenoliths from Lesotho kimberlites. Geophys Res Lett 28:2505–2508

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwamori H, McKenzie D, Takahashi E (1995) Melt generation by isentropic mantle upwelling. Earth Planet Sc Lett 134:253–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob DE (2004) Nature and origin of eclogite xenoliths from kimberlites. Lithos 77:295–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob DE, Bizimis M, Salters VJM (2005) Lu/Hf and geochemical systematics of recycled ancient oceanic crust: evidence from Roberts Victor eclogites. Contrib Mineral Petrol 148(6):707–720

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob DE, Jagoutz E, Sobolev NV (1998) Neodymium and strontium isotopic measurements on single subcalcic garnet grains from Yakutian kimberlites. Neues Jb Mineral Abh 172(2–3):357–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob DE, Schmickler B, Schulze DJ (2003) Trace element geochemistry of coesite-bearing eclogites from the Roberts Victor kimberlite, Kaapvaal craton. Lithos 71:337–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Jagoutz E, Dawson JB, Hoernes S, Spettel B, Wänke H (1984) Anorthositic oceanic crust in the Archean Earth. 15th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, pp 395–396 (abstract)

  • Jordan TH (1988) Structure and formation of the continental tectonosphere. In: Menzies MA and cox KG eds oceanic and continental lithosphere: similarities and differences. Oxford university Press, Oxford. J Petrol Spec Vol 1:11–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Keleman PB, Hart SR, Bernstein S (1998) Silica enrichment in the continental upper mantle via melt/rock reaction. Earth Planet Sc Lett 164(1–2):387–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein-BenDavid O, Pearson DG (2009) Origins of subcalcic garnets and their relation to diamond forming fluids - case studies from Ekati (NWT-Canada) and Murowa (Zimbabwe). Geochim Cosmochim Ac 73:837–855

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein-BenDavid O, Pettke T, Kessel R (2011) Chromium mobility in hydrous fluids at upper mantle conditions. Lithos 125:122–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramers JD (1979) Lead, uranium, strontium, potassium and rubidium in inclusion-bearing diamonds and mantle-derived xenoliths from Southern Africa. Earth Planet Sc Lett 42:58–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Krogh EJ (1988) The garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg geothermometer -a reinterpretation of existing experimental data. Contrib Mineral Petrol 99:44–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Kushiro I, Walter MJ (1998) Mg–Fe partitioning between olivine and mafic-ultramafic melts. Geophys Res Lett 25:2337–2340

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarov M, Brey GB, Weyer S (2009) Time steps of depletion and enrichment in the Kaapvaal craton as recorded by subcalcic garnets from Finsch (SA). Earth Planet Sc Lett 27:1–10

  • Lazarov M, Brey GP, Weyer S (2012) Evolution of the South African mantle—a case study of garnet peridotites from the Finsch diamond mine (Kaapvaal craton); part 2: multiple depletion and re-enrichment processes. Lithos 154:210–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee CT (2006) Geochemical/petrologic constraints on the origin of cratonic mantle, Archean geodynamics and environments. In: Benn K, Mareschal JC, Condie LC (eds) Archean geodynamics and environments. Geophysical Monograph Series vol 164, pp 89–114

  • Lee C-TA, Chin EJ (2014) Calculating melting temperatures and pressures of peridotite protoliths: implications for the origin of cratonic mantle. Earth Planet Sc Lett 403:273–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorand J-P, Luguet A, Alard O (2013) Platinum-group element systematics and petrogenetic processing of the continental upper mantle: a review. Lithos 164–167:2–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Luguet A, Lorand J-P, Alard O, Cottin J-Y (2004) A multi-technique study of platinum group element systematic in some Ligurian ophiolitic peridotites. Chem Geol 208:175–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzies AH, Carlson RW, Shirey SB, Gurney JJ (2003) Re–Os systematics of diamond-bearing eclogites from the Newlands kimberlite. Lithos 71:323–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Menzies AH, Shirey SB, Carlson RW, Gurney JJ (1999) Re–Os systematics of Newlands peridotite xenoliths: implications for diamond and lithosphere formation. In: Gurney JJ, Gurney JL, Pascoe MD, Richardson SH (eds) Proceedings of the 7th International Kimberlite Conference. Red Roof Design, Cape Town, pp 566–583

  • Menzies M, Murthy VR (1980) Enriched mantle: Nd and Sr isotopes in diopsides from kimberlite nodules. Nature 283(5748):634–636

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaut C, Jaupart C (2007) Secular cooling and thermal structure of continental lithosphere. Earth Planet Sc Lett 257:83–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser DE, Flowers RM, Hart RJ (2001) Birth of the Kaapvaal tectosphere 3.08 billion years ago. Science 291:465–468

    Google Scholar 

  • Nair R, Chacko T (2008) Role of oceanic plateaus in the initiation of subduction and origin of continental crust. Geology 36:583–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Nimis P, Grütter H (2010) Internally consistent geothermometers for garnet peridotites and pyroxenites. Contrib Mineral Petrol 159(3):411–427

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly SY, Griffin WL (2013) Mantle Metasomatism. In: Harlov D, Austrheim A (eds) Metasomatism and the chemical transformation of rock. Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 471–533

  • Pearson DG (1999) The age of continental roots. Lithos 48:171–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson DG, Carlson RW, Shirey SB, Boyd FR, Nixon PH (1995) Stabilisation of Archean lithospheric mantle: a Re–Os isotope study of peridotite xenoliths from the Kaapvaal Craton. Earth Planet Sc Lett 134:341–357

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson DG, Irvine GJ, Carlson RW, Kopylova MG, Ionov DA (2002) The development of lithospheric mantle keels beneath the earliest continents: time constraints using PGE and Re-Os isotope systematics. In: Fowler CMR (ed) The early Earth: physical, chemical and biological development. Geol Soc SP 199:65–90

  • Pearson DG, Irvine GJ, Ionov DA, Boyd FR, Dreibus GE (2004) Re-Os isotope systematics and Platinum Group Element fractionation during mantle melt extraction: a study of massif and xenolith peridotite suites. Chem Geol 208:29–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson DG, Liu J, Smith CB, Mather KA, Krebs MY, Bulanova GP, Kobussen A (in press) Characteristics and origin of the mantle root beneath the Murowa diamond mine: implications for craton and diamond formation. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication

  • Pearson DG, Wittig N (2008) Formation of Archaean continental lithosphere and its diamonds: the root of the problem. J Geol Soc Lond 165:895–914

    Google Scholar 

  • Perk NW, Coogan LA, Karson JA, Klein EM, Hanna HD (2007) Petrology and geochemistry of primitive lower oceanic crust from Pito Deep: implications for the accretion of the lower crust at the southern East Pacific rise. Contrib Mineral Petrol 154:575–590

    Google Scholar 

  • Peslier AH, Woodland AB, Bell DR, Lazarov M (2010) Olivine water contents in the continental lithosphere and the longevity of cratons. Nature 467:78–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapp RP, Timmerman S, Lowczak J, Jaques AL (2017) Metasomatism of Cratonic Lithosphere by Hydrous, Silica-rich, Fluids Derived from Recycled Sediment: Experimental Insights at 5–7 GPa. 11th International Kimberlite Conference, Extended Abstract 11IKC-4640

  • Richardson S, Gurney J, Erlank A, Harris J (1984) Origin of diamonds in old enriched mantle. Nature 310:198–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Rudnick RL, McDonough WF, Chappell BW (1992) Carbonatite metasomatism in the northern Tanzanian mantle – petrographic and geochemical characteristics. Earth Planet Sc Lett 114:463–475

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz MD, Bowring SA, de Wit MJ, Gartz V (2004) Subduction and terrane collision stabilize the western Kaapvaal craton tectosphere 2.9 billion years ago. Earth Planet Sc Lett 222:363–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoene B, de Wit MJ, Bowring SA (2008) Mesoarchean assembly and stabilization of the eastern Kaapvaal craton: a structural-thermochronological perspective. Tectonics 27(5): TC5010

  • Schulze DJ (1989) Constraints on the abundance of eclogite in the upper mantle. J Geophys Res 94:4205–4212

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirey SB, Richardson SH, Harris JW (2004) Integrated model of diamond formation and craton evolution. Lithos 77:923–944

    Google Scholar 

  • Shu Q, Brey GP (2015) Ancient mantle metasomatism recorded in subcalcic garnet xenocrysts: temporal links between mantle metasomatism, diamond growth and crustal tectonomagmatism. Earth Planet Sc Lett 418:27–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Shu Q, Brey GP, Gerdes A, Höfer HE (2013) Geochronological and geochemical constraints on the formation and evolution of the mantle underneath the Kaapvaal craton: Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd systematics of subcalcic garnets from highly depleted peridotites. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 113:1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Shu Q, Brey GP, Gerdes A, Höfer HE (2014) Mantle eclogites and garnet pyroxenites– the meaning of two-point isochrons, Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf closure temperatures and the cooling of the subcratonic mantle. Earth Planet Sc Lett 389:143–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Shu Q, Brey GP, Hoefer HE, Zhao Z, Pearson DG (2016) Kyanite/corundum eclogites from the Kaapvaal Craton: subducted troctolites and layered gabbros from the mid- to early Archean. Contrib Mineral Petrol 171:11

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon NSC, Carlson RW, Pearson DG, Davies GR (2007) The origin and evolution of the Kaapvaal cratonic lithospheric mantle. J Petrol 48:589–625

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobolev NV, Lavrent’ev YG, Pokhilenko NP, Usova LV (1973) Chrome-rich garnets from kimberlites of Yakutia and their parageneses. Contrib Mineral Petrol 40:39–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Stachel T, Harris JW (1997) Diamond precipitation and mantle metasomatism–evidence from the trace element chemistry of silicate inclusions in diamonds from Akwatia, Ghana. Contrib Mineral Petrol 129(2):143–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Stachel T, Harris JW (2008) The origin of cratonic diamonds – constraints from min-eral inclusions. Ore Geol Rev 34:5–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Stachel T, Viljoen KS, Brey GP, Harris JW (1998) Metasomatic processes in lherzolitic and harzburgitic domains of diamondiferous lithospheric mantle: REE in garnets from xenoliths and inclusions in diamonds. Earth Planet Sc Lett 159:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas RJ, von Veh MW, McCourt S (1993) The tectonic evolution of southern Africa: an overview. J Afr Earth Sci 16:5–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Tinker J, De Wit MJ, Grotzinger JP (2002) Seismic stratigraphic constraints on Neoarchean - Paleoproterozoic evolution of the western margin of the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa. S Afr J Geol 105:107–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker RJ, Carlson RW, Shirey SB, Boyd FR (1989) Os, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope systematics of southern African peridotite xenoliths: implications for the chemical evolution of subcontinental mantle. Geochim Cosmochim Ac 53:1583–1595

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter MJ (1998) Melting of garnet peridotite and the origin of komatiite and depleted lithosphere. J Petrol 39(1):29–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, van Hunen J, Pearson DG (in press) Making Archean cratonic roots by lateral compression: a two-stage thickening and stabilization model. Tectonophysics

  • Yaxley GM, Crawford AJ, Green DH (1991) Evidence for carbonatite metasomatism in spinel peridotite xenoliths from western Victoria, Australia. Earth Planet Sc Lett 107:305–317

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Vadim Bulatov, Axel Gerdes, Andrei Girnis, Jeff Harris, Jan Heliosch, Heidi Höfer, Franz Kneissl, Linda Marco, Anna Neumann, Graham Pearson, Jock Robey, Janina Schastok, Hans-Michael Seitz, Thomas Stachel, Stefan Weyer and Armin Zeh for their continuous help in the field and laboratory and fruitful discussions over the years. We thank an anonymous reviewer and Graham Pearson for very many helpful and positive suggestions. The research was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, a scholarship from the China Scholarship Council and the Canada Excellence Research Chairs program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Mineralogie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany

    Gerhard P. Brey

  2. State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China

    Qiao Shu

  3. Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E3, Canada

    Qiao Shu

Authors
  1. Gerhard P. Brey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Qiao Shu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gerhard P. Brey.

Additional information

Editorial handling: G. Pearson

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(PDF 251 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Brey, G.P., Shu, Q. The birth, growth and ageing of the Kaapvaal subcratonic mantle. Miner Petrol 112 (Suppl 1), 23–41 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-018-0577-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-018-0577-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation