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Regulation of microtubule nucleation mediated by γ-tubulin complexes

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Abstract

The microtubule cytoskeleton is critically important for spatio-temporal organization of eukaryotic cells. The nucleation of new microtubules is typically restricted to microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) and requires γ-tubulin that assembles into multisubunit complexes of various sizes. γ-Tubulin ring complexes (TuRCs) are efficient microtubule nucleators and are associated with large number of targeting, activating and modulating proteins. γ-Tubulin-dependent nucleation of microtubules occurs both from canonical MTOCs, such as spindle pole bodies and centrosomes, and additional sites such as Golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, plasma membrane-associated sites, chromatin and surface of pre-existing microtubules. Despite many advances in structure of γ-tubulin complexes and characterization of γTuRC interacting factors, regulatory mechanisms of microtubule nucleation are not fully understood. Here, we review recent work on the factors and regulatory mechanisms that are involved in centrosomal and non-centrosomal microtubule nucleation.

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Abbreviations

AKAP450:

A-kinase anchor protein 450

Cdk1:

Cyclin-dependent kinase 1

CDK5RAP2:

Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit-associated protein 2

CLASP:

Cytoplasmic linker associated protein

CM1:

Centrosomin (Cnn) motif 1

EBs:

End-binding proteins

γTuRC:

γ-Tubulin ring complex

γTuSC:

γ-Tubulin small complex

GCPs:

γ-Tubulin complex proteins

GIPs:

γ-Tubulin complex protein 3-interacting proteins

GM130:

Golgin subfamily A member 2 protein

GRIPs:

γ-Tubulin ring proteins

Mozart:

Mitotic spindle-organizing protein

MTOC:

Microtubule-organizing center

NEDD1:

Neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated protein 1

NME7:

Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 7

PCM:

Pericentriolar material

Plk1:

Polo-like kinase 1

Ran:

Ras-related nuclear protein

SAFs:

Spindle assembly factors

SPB:

Spindle pole body

+TIPs:

Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins

TPX2:

Targeting protein for Xklp2

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Eduarda Dráberová and Tetyana Sulimenko for help with figure preparation. This work was supported by the grant LD13015 for COST action (BM1007 Mast Cells and Basophils-Targets for Innovative Therapies) from the Ministry of Education Youth and Sport and by Institutional Research Support (RVO 68378050).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic

    Vadym Sulimenko, Zuzana Hájková, Anastasiya Klebanovych & Pavel Dráber

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  1. Vadym Sulimenko
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  2. Zuzana Hájková
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  3. Anastasiya Klebanovych
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  4. Pavel Dráber
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Correspondence to Pavel Dráber.

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Sulimenko, V., Hájková, Z., Klebanovych, A. et al. Regulation of microtubule nucleation mediated by γ-tubulin complexes. Protoplasma 254, 1187–1199 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-016-1070-z

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