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Picornaviridae—the ever-growing virus family

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Abstract

Picornaviruses are small, nonenveloped, icosahedral RNA viruses with positive-strand polarity. Although the vast majority of picornavirus infections remain asymptomatic, many picornaviruses are important human and animal pathogens and cause diseases that affect the central nervous system, the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, heart, liver, pancreas, skin and eye. A stunning increase in the number of newly identified picornaviruses in the past decade has shown that picornaviruses are globally distributed and infect vertebrates of all classes. Moreover, picornaviruses exhibit a surprising diversity of both genome sequences and genome layouts, sometimes challenging the definition of taxonomic relevant criteria. At present, 35 genera comprising 80 species and more than 500 types are acknowledged. Fifteen species within five new and three existing genera have been proposed in 2017, but more than 50 picornaviruses still remain unassigned.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany

    Roland Zell

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  1. Roland Zell
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Correspondence to Roland Zell.

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The author chairs the Picornaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by the author.

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Handling Editior: Tim Skern.

Electronic supplementary material

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705_2017_3614_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Supplementary Figure 1 Phylogenetic analysis of the picornavirus P1 genome region. Two hundred one picornavirus P1 nucleotide sequences representing all approved and proposed picornavirus species plus unassigned picornaviruses were aligned with MEGA5 and adjusted manually. Bayesian MCMC tree inference was conducted with MrBayes3.2 using an optimal substitution method (GTR+G+I). Convergence was reached after 4,000,000 generations. Numbers at nodes indicate posterior probabilities. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. Given are GenBank accession numbers, proposed or approved genus names (printed in bold and underlined), species names (printed in bold), and strain designations (in square brackets). The colours of the five supergroups correspond to those in Figure 2. (PDF 3293 kb)

705_2017_3614_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Supplementary Figure 2 Phylogenetic analysis of the picornavirus 3CD genome region. Two hundred six picornavirus 3CD nucleotide sequences representing all approved and proposed picornavirus species plus unassigned picornaviruses were aligned with MEGA5 and adjusted manually. Bayesian MCMC tree inference was conducted with MrBayes3.2 using an optimal substitution method (GTR+G+I). Convergence was reached after 6,500,000 generations. Numbers at nodes indicate posterior probabilities. The scale bar represents the number of substitutions per site. Given are GenBank accession numbers, proposed or approved genus names (printed in bold and underlined), species names (printed in bold), and strain designations (in square brackets). The colours of the five supergroups correspond to those in Figure 3. (PDF 2336 kb)

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Zell, R. Picornaviridae—the ever-growing virus family. Arch Virol 163, 299–317 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-017-3614-8

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