Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Etiology and epidemiology of viral diarrhea in children under the age of five hospitalized in Tianjin, China

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Archives of Virology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Viral diarrhea is a great threat to children’s health in developing countries. We conducted a prospective surveillance study of acute diarrhea of young children at Tianjin Children’s Hospital from April 2008 to April 2009. Viral infections were detected in 356 of the total 766 collected stool specimens (46.48%). Rotavirus infections were the most common (27.94%; predominant type G1), followed by adenovirus infections (17.62%; predominant type Ad41), norovirus infections (5.87%; predominant type GII-4/2006b), and astrovirus infections (3.15%; only HAstV-1). Children younger than 1 year old were the most susceptible population to viral infections (87.9%). Diarrhea, vomiting, and fever were the most frequent clinical symptoms among the infected patients. The viral infections had no age, sex, or regional differences. Most infection rates were higher in the autumn, winter, and spring. This study supported that the rotavirus vaccine should be included in the Expanded Programme on Immunization in China.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Musher DM, Musher BL (2004) Contagious acute gastrointestinal infections. N Engl J Med 351:2417–2427

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Yee EL, Fang ZY, Liu N, Hadler SC, Liang X, Wang H, Zhu X, Jiang B, Parashar U, Widdowson MA, Glass RI (2009) Importance and challenges of accurately counting rotavirus deaths in China, 2002. Vaccine 27(Suppl 5):F46–F49

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. China NBoSo (ed) (2009) China statistical yearbook

  4. Jin Y, Cheng WX, Yang XM, Jin M, Zhang Q, Xu ZQ, Yu JM, Zhu L, Yang SH, Liu N, Cui SX, Fang ZY, Duan ZJ (2009) Viral agents associated with acute gastroenteritis in children hospitalized with diarrhea in Lanzhou, China. J Clin Virol 44:238–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Liu C, Grillner L, Jonsson K, Linde A, Shen K, Lindell AT, Wirgart BZ, Johansen K (2006) Identification of viral agents associated with diarrhea in young children during a winter season in Beijing, China. J Clin Virol 35:69–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Qiao H, Nilsson M, Abreu ER, Hedlund KO, Johansen K, Zaori G, Svensson L (1999) Viral diarrhea in children in Beijing, China. J Med Virol 57:390–396

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Cunliffe NA, Booth JA, Elliot C, Lowe SJ, Sopwith W, Kitchin N, Nakagomi O, Nakagomi T, Hart CA, Regan M (2010) Healthcare-associated viral gastroenteritis among children in a large pediatric hospital, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 16:55–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. China NBoSo (2010) China statistical yearbook

  9. Lee JI, Chung JY, Han TH, Song MO, Hwang ES (2007) Detection of human bocavirus in children hospitalized because of acute gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis 196:994–997

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rohayem J, Berger S, Juretzek T, Herchenroder O, Mogel M, Poppe M, Henker J, Rethwilm A (2004) A simple and rapid single-step multiplex RT-PCR to detect Norovirus, Astrovirus and Adenovirus in clinical stool samples. J Virol Methods 118:49–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Yan H, Yagyu F, Okitsu S, Nishio O, Ushijima H (2003) Detection of norovirus (GI, GII), Sapovirus and astrovirus in fecal samples using reverse transcription single-round multiplex PCR. J Virol Methods 114:37–44

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Caro V, Guillot S, Delpeyroux F, Crainic R (2001) Molecular strategy for ‘serotyping’ of human enteroviruses. J Gen Virol 82:79–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. O’Neill HJ, McCaughey C, Coyle PV, Wyatt DE, Mitchell F (2002) Clinical utility of nested multiplex RT-PCR for group F adenovirus, rotavirus and norwalk-like viruses in acute viral gastroenteritis in children and adults. J Clin Virol 25:335–343

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Resque HR, Munford V, Castilho JG, Schmich H, Caruzo TA, Racz ML (2007) Molecular characterization of astrovirus in stool samples from children in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 102:969–974

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Marie-Cardine A, Gourlain K, Mouterde O, Castignolles N, Hellot MF, Mallet E, Buffet-Janvresse C (2002) Epidemiology of acute viral gastroenteritis in children hospitalized in Rouen, France. Clin Infect Dis 34:1170–1178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Li CS, Chan PK, Tang JW (2009) Prevalence of diarrhea viruses in hospitalized children in Hong Kong in 2008. J Med Virol 81:1903–1911

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bahl R, Ray P, Subodh S, Shambharkar P, Saxena M, Parashar U, Gentsch J, Glass R, Bhan MK (2005) Incidence of severe rotavirus diarrhea in New Delhi, India, and G and P types of the infecting rotavirus strains. J Infect Dis 192(Suppl 1):S114–S119

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Colomba C, De Grazia S, Giammanco GM, Saporito L, Scarlata F, Titone L, Arista S (2006) Viral gastroenteritis in children hospitalised in Sicily, Italy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 25:570–575

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Santos N, Hoshino Y (2005) Global distribution of rotavirus serotypes/genotypes and its implication for the development and implementation of an effective rotavirus vaccine. Rev Med Virol 15:29–56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Fang ZY, Yang H, Qi J, Zhang J, Sun LW, Tang JY, Ma L, Du ZQ, He AH, Xie JP, Lu YY, Ji ZZ, Zhu BQ, Wu HY, Lin SE, Xie HP, Griffin DD, Ivanoff B, Glass RI, Gentsch JR (2002) Diversity of rotavirus strains among children with acute diarrhea in China: 1998–2000 surveillance study. J Clin Microbiol 40:1875–1878

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Gurgel RG, Bohland AK, Vieira SC, Oliveira DM, Fontes PB, Barros VF, Ramos MF, Dove W, Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O, Correia JB, Cunliffe N, Cuevas LE (2009) Incidence of rotavirus and all-cause diarrhea in northeast Brazil following the introduction of a national vaccination program. Gastroenterology 137:1970–1975

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Silva PA, Stark K, Mockenhaupt FP, Reither K, Weitzel T, Ignatius R, Saad E, Seidu-Korkor A, Bienzle U, Schreier E (2008) Molecular characterization of enteric viral agents from children in northern region of Ghana. J Med Virol 80:1790–1798

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Dey SK, Shimizu H, Phan TG, Hayakawa Y, Islam A, Salim AF, Khan AR, Mizuguchi M, Okitsu S, Ushijima H (2009) Molecular epidemiology of adenovirus infection among infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Infect Genet Evol 9:518–522

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Saderi H, Roustai MH, Sabahi F, Sadeghizadeh M, Owlia P, De Jong JC (2002) Incidence of enteric adenovirus gastroenteritis in Iranian children. J Clin Virol 24:1–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Shimizu H, Phan TG, Nishimura S, Okitsu S, Maneekarn N, Ushijima H (2007) An outbreak of adenovirus serotype 41 infection in infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Maizuru City, Japan. Infect Genet Evol 7:279–284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Huh JW, Kim WH, Moon SG, Lee JB, Lim YH (2009) Viral etiology and incidence associated with acute gastroenteritis in a 5-year survey in Gyeonggi province, South Korea. J Clin Virol 44:152–156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Oh DY, Gaedicke G, Schreier E (2003) Viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in German children: prevalence and molecular diversity. J Med Virol 71:82–93

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Xu J, Yang Y, Sun J, Ding Y (2009) Molecular epidemiology of norovirus infection among children with acute gastroenteritis in Shanghai, China, 2001–2005. J Med Virol 81:1826–1830

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Tu ET, Bull RA, Greening GE, Hewitt J, Lyon MJ, Marshall JA, McIver CJ, Rawlinson WD, White PA (2008) Epidemics of gastroenteritis during 2006 were associated with the spread of norovirus GII.4 variants 2006a and 2006b. Clin Infect Dis 46:413–420

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Papaventsis DC, Dove W, Cunliffe NA, Nakagomi O, Combe P, Grosjean P, Hart CA (2008) Human astrovirus gastroenteritis in children, Madagascar, 2004–2005. Emerg Infect Dis 14:844–846

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Victoria M, Carvalho-Costa FA, Heinemann MB, Leite JP, Miagostovich MP (2007) Genotypes and molecular epidemiology of human astroviruses in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. J Med Virol 79:939–944

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Mendez-Toss M, Griffin DD, Calva J, Contreras JF, Puerto FI, Mota F, Guiscafre H, Cedillo R, Munoz O, Herrera I, Lopez S, Arias CF (2004) Prevalence and genetic diversity of human astroviruses in Mexican children with symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. J Clin Microbiol 42:151–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Mitchell DK, Matson DO, Jiang X, Berke T, Monroe SS, Carter MJ, Willcocks MM, Pickering LK (1999) Molecular epidemiology of childhood astrovirus infection in child care centers. J Infect Dis 180:514–517

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Medici MC, Martinelli M, Arcangeletti MC, Pinardi F, De Conto F, Dodi I, Virdis R, Abelli LA, Aloisi A, Zerbini L, Valcavi P, Calderaro A, Bernasconi S, Izzi GC, Dettori G, Chezzi C (2004) Epidemiological aspects of human rotavirus infection in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in an area of northern Italy. Acta Biomed 75:100–106

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Roman E, Wilhelmi I, Colomina J, Villar J, Cilleruelo ML, Nebreda V, Del Alamo M, Sanchez-Fauquier A (2003) Acute viral gastroenteritis: proportion and clinical relevance of multiple infections in Spanish children. J Med Microbiol 52:435–440

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported a Grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30930078).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment and Food Safety, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, No.1, Dali Road, Tianjin, 300050, China

    Yabo Ouyang, Min Jin, Xinwei Wang, Jingfeng Wang, Lu Xu, Zhiqiang Shen, Zhaoli Chen, Zhigang Qiu, Zhixian Gao & Junwen Li

  2. Tianjin Children’s Hospital, No. 225, Machang Road, Tianjin, 300074, China

    Hui Ma, Shuxiang Lin & Lin Peng

Authors
  1. Yabo Ouyang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hui Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Min Jin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xinwei Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jingfeng Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Lu Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Shuxiang Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Zhiqiang Shen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Zhaoli Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Zhigang Qiu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Zhixian Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Lin Peng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Junwen Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Lin Peng or Junwen Li.

Additional information

Y. Ouyang and H. Ma contributed equally to the paper.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ouyang, Y., Ma, H., Jin, M. et al. Etiology and epidemiology of viral diarrhea in children under the age of five hospitalized in Tianjin, China. Arch Virol 157, 881–887 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1235-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1235-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation