Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Investigating the concurrent presence of HCV in serum, oral fluid and urine samples from chronic HCV patients in Faisalabad, Pakistan

  • Brief Report
  • Published:
Archives of Virology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is normally present in the blood of infected patients; however, it can also be present in some other body fluids. Therefore, in this study, a concurrent presence of HCV-RNA was investigated in oral fluid and urine of 80 Pakistani chronic HCV patients. HCV-RNA was detected in 31 (38.8%) oral fluid and 10 (12.5%) urine samples using RT-PCR in all 80 of the patients whose sera tested positive for HCV-RNA. From this study, it is concluded that, in addition to the blood, HCV RNA can also be found in oral secretions as well as urine of chronic HCV patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abdul Mujeeb S, Nanan D, Sabir S, Altaf A, Kadir M (2006) Hepatitis B and C infection in first-time blood donors in Karachi—a possible subgroup for sentinel surveillance. East Mediterr Health J 12:735–741

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Abe K, Inchauspe G (1991) Transmission of hepatitis C by saliva. Lancet 337:248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Achakzai M, Kassi M, Kasi PM (2007) Seroprevalences and co-infections of HIV, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus in injecting drug users in Quetta, Pakistan. Trop Doct 37:43–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ackerman Z, Paltiel O, Glikberg F, Ackerman E (1998) Hepatitis C virus in various human body fluids: a systematic review. Hepatol Res 11:26–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ahmad N, Asgher M, Shafique M, Qureshi JA (2007) An evidence of high prevalence of Hepatitis C virus in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Saudi Med J 28:390–395

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Akhtar S, Moatter T (2004) Intra-household clustering of hepatitis C virus infection in Karachi, Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98:535–539

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Akhtar S, Moatter T (2007) Multilevel modeling of intra-household spread of hepatitis C virus infection, Karachi, Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76:446–449

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Ally SH, Hanif R, Ahmed A (2005) HBsAg and HCV: increasing test requests and decreasing frequency of positive tests at clinical laboratory of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 17:81–84

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Arrieta JJ, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Ortiz-Movilla N, Bartolome J, Pardo M, Manzarbeitia F, Oliva H, Macias DM, Carreno V (2001) In situ detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in salivary glands. Am J Pathol 158:259–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Belec L, Legoff J, Si-Mohamed A, Bloch F, Mbopi Keou FX, Becquart P, Matta M, Prazuck T, Petite JP, Gutmann L, Payan C (2003) Mucosal humoral immune response to hepatitis C virus E1/E2 surface glycoproteins and HCV shedding in saliva and cervicovaginal fluids from chronically HCV-infected patients. J Hepatol 38:833–842

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Carrozzo M, Quadri R, Latorre P, Pentenero M, Paganin S, Bertolusso G, Gandolfo S, Negro F (2002) Molecular evidence that the hepatitis C virus replicates in the oral mucosa. J Hepatol 37:364–369

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Chernetsova OV, Lopatkina TN, Popova IV, Vorob’ev AA, Shipulina O, Safonova TN (2003) The rate of HCV-RNA detection in the serum, saliva, and tissue of the minor salivary glands in chronic hepatitis C with Sjogren’s syndrome. Klin Med (Mosk) 81:37–40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Choo QL, Richman KH, Han JH, Berger K, Lee C, Dong C, Gallegos C, Coit D, Medina-Selby R, Barr PJ et al (1991) Genetic organization and diversity of the hepatitis C virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:2451–2455

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Couzigou P, Richard L, Dumas F, Schouler L, Fleury H (1993) Detection of HCV-RNA in saliva of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gut 34:S59–S60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dusheiko GM, Smith M, Scheuer PJ (1990) Hepatitis C virus transmitted by human bite. Lancet 336:503–504

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Eirea M, Dios PD, Hermida M, Rodriguez I, Castro A, Ocampo A (2005) Detection of HCV-RNA in saliva of HIV-HCV coinfected patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 21:1011–1015

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Ferreiro MC, Prieto MH, Rodriguez SB, Vazquez RL, Iglesias AC, Dios PD (2002) Whole stimulated salivary flow in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Oral Pathol Med 31:117–120

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Fried MW, Shindo M, Fong TL, Fox PC, Hoofnagle JH, Di Bisceglie AM (1992) Absence of hepatitis C viral RNA from saliva and semen of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 102:1306–1308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Goncalves PL, Cunha CB, Busek SC, Oliveira GC, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R, Pereira FE (2005) Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in saliva samples from patients with seric anti-HCV antibodies. Braz J Infect Dis 9:28–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hermida M, Ferreiro MC, Barral S, Laredo R, Castro A, Diz Dios P (2002) Detection of HCV RNA in saliva of patients with hepatitis C virus infection by using a highly sensitive test. J Virol Methods 101:29–35

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hsu HH, Wright TL, Luba D, Martin M, Feinstone SM, Garcia G, Greenberg HB (1991) Failure to detect hepatitis C virus genome in human secretions with the polymerase chain reaction. Hepatology 14:763–767

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Khokhar N, Gill ML, Malik GJ (2004) General seroprevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infections in population. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 14:534–536

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Kuo I, ul-Hasan S, Galai N, Thomas DL, Zafar T, Ahmed MA, Strathdee SA (2006) High HCV seroprevalence and HIV drug use risk behaviors among injection drug users in Pakistan. Harm Reduct J 3:26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Liou TC, Chang TT, Young KC, Lin XZ, Lin CY, Wu HL (1992) Detection of HCV RNA in saliva, urine, seminal fluid, and ascites. J Med Virol 37:197–202

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mastromatteo AM, Rapaccini GL, Pompili M, Ursino S, Romano-Spica V, Gasbarrini G, Vanini G (2001) Hepatitis C virus infection: other biological fluids than blood may be responsible for intrafamilial spread. Hepatogastroenterology 48:193–196

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Maticic M, Poljak M, Kramar B, Seme K, Brinovec V, Meglic-Volkar J, Zakotnik B, Skaleric U (2001) Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA from gingival crevicular fluid and its relation to virus presence in saliva. J Periodontol 72:11–16

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Muhammad N, Jan MA (2005) Frequency of hepatitis “C” in Buner, NWFP. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 15:11–14

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Nagao Y, Seki N, Tamatsukuri S, Sata M (2000) Detection of hepatitis C virus in saliva before and after scaling of dental calculus. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 74:961–965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Numata N, Ohori H, Hayakawa Y, Saitoh Y, Tsunoda A, Kanno A (1993) Demonstration of hepatitis C virus genome in saliva and urine of patients with type C hepatitis: usefulness of the single round polymerase chain reaction method for detection of the HCV genome. J Med Virol 41:120–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ortiz-Movilla N, Lazaro P, Rodriguez-Inigo E, Bartolome J, Longo I, Lecona M, Pardo M, Carreno V (2002) Hepatitis C virus replicates in sweat glands and is released into sweat in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol 68:529–536

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Pasha O, Luby SP, Khan AJ, Shah SA, McCormick JB, Fisher-Hoch SP (1999) Household members of hepatitis C virus-infected people in Hafizabad, Pakistan: infection by injections from health care providers. Epidemiol Infect 123:515–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Pastore L, Fiore JR, Tateo M, De Benedittis M, Petruzzi M, Casalino C, Genchi C, Lo Muzio L, Angarano G, Serpico R (2006) Detection of hepatitis C virus-RNA in saliva from chronically HCV-infected patients. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 19:217–224

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Petrelli E, Manzin A, Paolucci S, Cioppi A, Brugia M, Muretto P, Clementi M (1994) Chronic liver disease and active hepatitis C virus infection in patients with antibodies to this virus. J Clin Pathol 47:148–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Poynard T, Yuen MF, Ratziu V, Lai CL (2003) Viral hepatitis C. Lancet 362:2095–2100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Rey D, Fritsch S, Schmitt C, Meyer P, Lang JM, Stoll-Keller F (2001) Quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA in saliva and serum of patients coinfected with HCV and human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Virol 63:117–119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Roy KM, Bagg J, McCarron B, Good T, Cameron S, Pithie A (1998) Predominance of HCV type 2a in saliva from intravenous drug users. J Med Virol 54:271–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Suzuki T, Omata K, Satoh T, Miyasaka T, Arai C, Maeda M, Matsuno T, Miyamura T (2005) Quantitative detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid of HCV-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol 43:4413–4417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Takamatsu K, Koyanagi Y, Okita K, Yamamoto N (1990) Hepatitis C virus RNA in saliva. Lancet 336:1515

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Tang Z, Yang D, Hao L, Huang Y, Wang S (1996) Detection and significance of HCV RNA in saliva, seminal fluid and vaginal discharge in patients with hepatitis C. J Tongji Med Univ 16:11–3, 24

    Google Scholar 

  40. Tisminetzky SG, Gerotto M, Pontisso P, Chemello L, Ruvoletto MG, Barralle F, Alberti A (1994) Genotypes of hepatitis C virus in Italian patients with chronic hepatitis C. Int Hepatol Commun 2:105–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Toussirot E, Le Huede G, Mougin C, Balblanc JC, Bettinger D, Wendling D (2002) Presence of hepatitis C virus RNA in the salivary glands of patients with Sjogren’s syndrome and hepatitis C virus infection. J Rheumatol 29:2382–2385

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wang CC, Sullivan D, Morishima C, Chung M, Engelberg R, Gretch D, Corey L (2003) Salivary Shedding of HCV is associated with serum HCV RNA level and the presence of periodontal disease. In: Interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. Chicago, IL, pp abstract no. V-773

  43. Wang CC, Morishima C, Chung M, Engelberg R, Krantz E, Krows M, Sullivan DG, Gretch DR, Corey L (2006) High serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA load predicts the presence of HCV RNA in saliva from individuals with chronic and acute HCV infection. J Infect Dis 193:672–676

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Wang JT, Wang TH, Lin JT, Sheu JC, Lin SM, Chen DS (1991) Hepatitis C virus RNA in saliva of patients with post-transfusion hepatitis C infection. Lancet 337:48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

This study was funded by PIBS (Pakistan Innovative Biotechnology Society) diagnostic budget of NIBGE, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Shafique, Nasir Ahmad, Fazli R. Awan, Tanveer Mustafa, Mujib Ullah & Javed A. Qureshi

Authors
  1. Muhammad Shafique
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nasir Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fazli R. Awan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tanveer Mustafa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mujib Ullah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Javed A. Qureshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Muhammad Shafique, Nasir Ahmad or Javed A. Qureshi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shafique, M., Ahmad, N., Awan, F.R. et al. Investigating the concurrent presence of HCV in serum, oral fluid and urine samples from chronic HCV patients in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Arch Virol 154, 1523–1527 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-009-0477-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-009-0477-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation