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Imbalanced diversification of two Mediterranean sister genera (Bellis and Bellium, Asteraceae) within the same time frame

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Abstract

The Daisies, Bellis and Bellium, form a monophyletic complex within the core Astereae (Asteraceae). Although most early diverging lineages show an African distribution, the core Astereae is today widespread on five continents with the Bellis/Bellium complex as the only representative in the Mediterranean basin. Molecular clock estimates placed the divergence of Astereae from its sister tribe Anthemideae in the Oligocene. Using a combination of three plastid genes, we estimated divergence times for different lineages of the tribe Astereae. This, together with temporal and biogeographical reconstructions using the nrITS region, allows placing and timing of the major lineages of the Bellis/Bellium complex. The age reconstruction places the divergence of the tribe Astereae in the late Miocene (18–19 million years ago), followed by an out-of-Africa dispersal into Asia where the worldwide expansion may have started. Our results suggest that the colonization of the Mediterranean basin by the Astereae started from Eurasia some 10 million years ago. A Messinian early divergence of the Bellis/Bellium complex in the Mediterranean was estimated. However, a parallel 4-million-year delay for the within-genera diversification was inferred, probably related to the establishment of the sclerophyllous Mediterranean forest. Despite a similar time frame for the within-genera diversification, today’s species numbers differ considerably between Bellis (15 spp.) and Bellium (five spp.).

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Acknowledgments

We thank P. Vargas for his help with phylogenetics and taxonomy, H. Schaefer for helpful discussion, J. Aldasoro for field assistance, and G. Atkinson for help with the manuscript. This research was partly supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture through the project REN2003-04397.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18 D, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden

    Omar Fiz-Palacios

  2. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Campus Canto Blanco, C./ Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain

    Virginia Valcarcel

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  1. Omar Fiz-Palacios
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  2. Virginia Valcarcel
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Correspondence to Omar Fiz-Palacios.

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O. Fiz-Palacios and V. Valcarcel contributed equally to this work.

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Fiz-Palacios, O., Valcarcel, V. Imbalanced diversification of two Mediterranean sister genera (Bellis and Bellium, Asteraceae) within the same time frame. Plant Syst Evol 295, 109–118 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-011-0468-5

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