Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Extraction and determination of trace amounts of gold(III), palladium(II), platinum(II) and silver(I) with the aid of a magnetic nanosorbent made from Fe3O4-decorated and silica-coated graphene oxide modified with a polypyrrole-polythiophene copolymer

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Microchimica Acta Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The authors describe the synthesis of a nanosorbent for fast magnetic solid phase extraction of trace levels of Ag(I), Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II). It consists of graphene oxide sheets modified with magnetite nanoparticles (mGO) coated with silica. This material was further modified with a polypyrrole-polythiophene copolymer via oxidative polymerization to end up with a material of the type mGO@SiO2@PPy-PTh. Successful synthesis of the nanocomposite and its components was corroborated by FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The presence of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing functional groups on both sides of the nanocomposite sheets facilitates the formation of strong complexes between target (i.e. noble metal ions) and the surface of the sorbent. Following elution with thiourea-HCl, the ions were quantified by FAAS. Under optimized conditions, the lower limits of detection range from 0.1 to 1.0 μg L−1. The maximum sorption capacities are 49, 50, 45, and 50 mg g−1 for Ag(I), Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(II), respectively. The method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of the analytes in wastewater (electroplating, radiological and photographical wastewater), sea water, and road dust.

A sorbent of the type mGO@SiO2@PPy-PTh (where mGO stands for magnetic graphene oxide, PPy for polypyrrole, and PTh for polythiophene) was synthesized and used as a nanosorbent for the micro solid phase extraction of the ions Ag(I), Au(III), Pd(II), and Pt(II) prior to their determination by FAAS. mGO: Magnetic graphene oxide. TEOS: Tetraethyl orthosilicate. PPy-PTh: Polypyrrole-Polythiophene copolymer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lifshitz E, Brumer M, Kigel A, Sashchiuk A, Bashouti M, Sirota M, Galun E, Burshtein Z, AQLe Q, Ledoux-Rak I, Zyss J (2006) Air-stable PbSe/PbS and PbSe/PbSexS1-x core-shell nanocrystals quantum dots and their applications. J Phys Chem B 110:25356–25365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Lu W, Senapati D, Wang S, Tovmachenko O, Singh AK, Yu H, Ray PC (2010) Effect of surface coating on the toxicity of silver nanomaterials on human skin keratinocytes. Chem Phys Lett 487:92–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Tong S, Jia Q, Song N, Zhou W, Duan T, Bao C (2011) Determination of gold(III) and palladium(II) in mine samples by cloud point extraction preconcentration coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Microchim Acta 172:95–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Saavedra R, Soto C, Yañez J, Toral MI (2009) Determination of Pd(II) content in catalysts and tap water samples via photoacoustic spectroscopy analysis of Pd(II)-3-[2′-thiazolylazo]-2,6- diaminopyridine complex on solid phase. J Hazard Mater 167:970–975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Jarvis K, Parry S, Piper J (2001) Temporal and spatial studies of autocatalyst derived platinum, rhodium, and palladium and selected vehicle-derived trace elements in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 35:1031–1036

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Tahmasebi E, Yamini Y (2014) Polythiophene-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a selective adsorbent for magnetic solid-phase extraction of silver(I), gold(III), copper (II) and palladium(II). Microchim Acta 181:543–551

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. World Health Organization (2002) Environmental health criteria 226-palladium, World Health Organization. International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  8. Kielhorn J, Melber C, Keller D, Mangelsdorf I (2002) Palladium-a review of exposure and effects to human health. Int J Hyg Environ Health 205:417–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ebrahimzadeh H, Shekari N, Tavassoli N, Amini MM, Adineh M, Sadeghi O (2010a) Extraction of trace amounts of silver on various amino-functionalized nanoporous silicas in real samples. Microchim Acta 170:171–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Liang P, Peng L (2010) Determination of silver(I) ion in water samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Microchim Acta 168:45–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Tavakoli L, Yamini Y, Ebrahimzadeh H, Nezhadali A, Shariati S, Nourmohammadian F (2008) Development of cloud point extraction for simultaneous extraction and determination of gold and palladium using ICP-OES. J Hazard Mater 152:737–743

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Yin J, Jiang Z, Chang G, Hu B (2005) Simultaneous on-line preconcentration and determination of trace metals in environmental samples by flow injection combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a nanometer-sized alumina packed micro-column. Anal Chim Acta 540:333–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Elci L, Sahan D, Basaran A, Soylak M (2007) Solid phase extraction of gold(III) on AmberliteXAD-2000 prior to its flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination. Environ Monit Assess 132:331–338

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Matsubara I, Takeda Y, Ishida K (2000) Improved recovery of trace amounts of gold (III), palladium (II) and platinum (IV) from large amounts of associated base metals using anion-exchange resins. Fresenius J Anal Chem 366:213–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Ebrahimzadeh H, Tavassoli N, Amini MM, Fazaeli Y, Abedi H (2010b) Determination of very low levels of gold and palladium in wastewater and soil samples by atomic absorption after preconcentration on modified MCM-48 and MCM-41 silica. Talanta 81:1183–1188

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Mashhadizadeh MH, Karami Z (2011) Solid phase extraction of trace amounts of Ag, Cd, Cu, and Zn in environmental samples using magnetic nanoparticles coated by 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-1-propantiol and modified with 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and their determination by ICP-OES. J Hazard Mater 190:1023–1029

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Asgharinezhad AA, Mollazadeh N, Ebrahimzadeh H, Mirbabaei F, Shekari N (2014a) Magnetic nanoparticles based dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction as a novel technique for coextraction of acidic and basic drugs from biological fluids and waste water. J Chromatogr A 1338:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Adlnasab L, Ebrahimzadeh H, Asgharinezhad AA, Nasiri Aghdam M, Dehghani A, Esmaeilpour S (2014) A preconcentration procedure for determination of ultra-trace mercury (II) in environmental samples employing continuous-flow cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Anal Methods 7:616–628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Asgharinezhad AA, Rezvani M, Ebrahimzadeh H, Shekari N, Ahmadinasab N, Loni M (2015) Solid phase extraction of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions based on murexide functionalized magnetic nanoparticles with the aid of experimental design methodology. Anal Methods 7:10350–10358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Płotka-Wasylka J, Szczepańska N, de la Guardia M, Namieśnik J (2016) Modern trends in solid phase extraction: new sorbent media. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 77:23–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Tuzen M, Sahiner S, Hazer B (2016) Solid phase extraction of lead, cadmium and zinc on biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate diethanol amine (PHB-DEA) polymer and their determination in water and food samples. Food Chem 210:115–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hu B, He M, Chen B (2015) Nanometer-sized materials for solid-phase extraction of trace elements. Anal Bioanal Chem 407:2685–2710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Stoller MD, Park S, Zhu Y, An J, Ruoff RS (2008) Graphene-based ultracapacitors. Nano Lett 8:3498–3502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Khan M, Yilmaz E, Sevinc B, Sahmetlioglu E, Shah J, Jan MR, Soylak M (2016) Preparation and characterization of magnetic allylamine modified graphene oxide-poly(vinyl acetate-co-divinylbenzene) nanocomposite for vortex assisted magnetic solid phase extraction of some metal ions. Talanta 146:130–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Liu L, Li C, Bao C, Jia Q, Xiao P, Liu X, Zhang Q (2012) Preparation and characterization of chitosan/graphene oxide composites for the sorption of Au(III) and Pd(II). Talanta 93:350–357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sitko R, Janik P, Zawisza B, Talik E, Margui E, Queralt I (2015) Green approach for Ultratrace determination of divalent metal ions and arsenic species using Total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and Mercapto-modified Graphene oxide Nanosheets as a novel adsorbent. Anal Chem 87:3535–3542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Rezvani M, Asgharinezhad AA, Ebrahimzadeh H, Shekari N (2014) A polyaniline-magnetite nanocomposite as an anion exchange sorbent for solid-phase extraction of chromium (VI) ions. Microchim Acta 181:1887–1895

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mahmud HN, Huq AO, binti Yahya R (2016) The removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater/aqueous solution using polypyrrole-based adsorbents: a review. RSC Adv 6:14778–14791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Asgharinezhad AA, Ebrahimzadeh H, Rezvani M, Shekari N, Loni M (2014b) A novel 4-(2-pyridylazo) resorcinol functionalized magnetic nanosorbent for selective extraction of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions from food and water samples. Food Addit Contam: Part A 31:1196–1204

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Asgharinezhad AA, Ebrahimzadeh H (2016) Poly(2-aminobenzothiazole)-coated graphene oxide/magnetite nanoparticles composite as an efficient sorbent for determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in urine sample. J Chromatogr A 1435:18–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Zeng Y, Zhou Y, Kong L, Zhou T, Shi G (2013) A novel composite of SiO2-coated graphene oxide and molecularly imprinted polymers for electrochemical sensing dopamine. Biosens Bioelectron 45:25–33

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Liu P, Pu Q, Su Z (2000) Synthesis of silica gel immobilized thiourea and its application to the on-line preconcentration and separation of silver, gold and palladium. Analyst 125:147–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Zhou SY, Song N, Liu SX, Chen DX, Jia Q, Yang YW (2014) Separation and preconcentration of gold and palladium ions with a carboxylated pillar [5] arene derived sorbent prior to their determination by flow injection FAAS. Microchim Acta 181:1551–1556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Xue D, Wang H, Liu Y, Shen P (2015) Multicolumn solid phase extraction with hybrid adsorbent and rapid determination of Au, Pd and Pt in geological samples by GF-AAS. Miner Eng 81:149–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bayrak HE, Bulut VN, Tufekci M, Bayrak H, Duran C, Soylak M (2016) Determination of Au (III) and Pd (II) ions by flame atomic absorption spectrometry in some environmental samples after solid phase extraction. Toxicol Environ Chem 1:1–11

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge Iran National Science Foundation for their help in funding the project (Project No. 95821341).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran

    Niloofar Jalilian, Homeira Ebrahimzadeh & Ali Akbar Asgharinezhad

  2. Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Karam Molaei

Authors
  1. Niloofar Jalilian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Homeira Ebrahimzadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ali Akbar Asgharinezhad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Karam Molaei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Homeira Ebrahimzadeh.

Ethics declarations

The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCx 1.57 mb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jalilian, N., Ebrahimzadeh, H., Asgharinezhad, A.A. et al. Extraction and determination of trace amounts of gold(III), palladium(II), platinum(II) and silver(I) with the aid of a magnetic nanosorbent made from Fe3O4-decorated and silica-coated graphene oxide modified with a polypyrrole-polythiophene copolymer. Microchim Acta 184, 2191–2200 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2170-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00604-017-2170-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation