Abstract
Underground mines use a combination of rock reinforcement and surface support elements to maintain the structural integrity of excavations in rock. The design of an effective ground support system requires an understanding of the mechanical behaviour of individual ground support components and how they interact under load. This paper reviews the mechanical behaviour of welded wire steel mesh routinely used in underground mines. It further reviews the advantages and limitations of using testing rigs used to quantify the performance of mesh. In particular, it illustrates the impact of rig configuration and testing parameters on mesh performance. The main focus of this work is the development and calibration of 3D discrete element method of numerical models capable of reproducing mesh behaviour under specific testing configurations. The developed models successfully reproduced the load redistribution on the mesh wires, the load–displacement response, and failure mechanisms observed in laboratory tests. The calibrated models were subsequently used to determine the impact of testing rig configurations, including loading plate dimensions and orientation, and mesh dimensions on the performance of mesh under load. This work has significant practical implications on how to interpret results obtained from different testing rigs. Furthermore, the results of this work can provide guidance towards designing new testing rig configurations as well as demonstrating the need for the development of testing methods and procedures. Finally, it illustrates the challenges that have to be overcome if the explicit modelling of mesh will be a reliable part of the ground support design process.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bahrani N, Hadjigeorgiou J (2018) Influence of stope excavation on drift convergence and support behaviour: insights from 3D continuum and discontinuum models. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51(8):2395–2413
Batchler T, Klemetti T, Matthews T (2018) Load capacity and stiffness characteristics for large sections of welded wire screen with multiple pull locations. In: Proceedings of 2018 SME Annual Conference and Expo. Minneapolis; pp 1–6
Bertrand D, Nicot F, Gotteland P, Lambert S (2008) Discrete element method (DEM) numerical modelling of double-twisted hexagonal mesh. Can Geotech J 45(8):1104–1117
Bouzeran L, Furtney J, Pierce M, Hazzard J, Lemos, JV (2017) Simulation of ground support performance in highly fractured and bulked rock masses with advanced 3DEC bolt model. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Deep and High Stress Mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp 667–680
Dolinar D (2006) Load capacity and stiffness characteristics of screen materials used for surface control in underground coal mines. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining. Morgantown, pp 152–158
Dorion JF, Hadjigeorgiou J (2014) Corrosion considerations in design and operation of rock support systems. Mining Technol 23(2):59–68
Gadde M, Rusnak J, Honse J (2006) Behaviour of welded wire mesh used for skin control in underground coal mines. In: Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Ground Control in Mining. Morgantown, pp 142–151
Grimstad E, Barton N (1993) Updating the Q-system for NMT. In: Kompen R, Opsahl O Berg K (eds) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sprayed Concrete. Norvegian Concrete Association, Oslo, pp 46–66
Hadjigeorgiou J (2016) Rock support: degradation and failure. In: Nordlund E, Jones, TH, Eitzenberger A (eds) Ground Support 2016, the Eighth International Symposium on Ground Support in Mining and Underground Construction, Luleå, Sweden, p. 22
Hadjigeorgiou J, Potvin Y (2001) Hard rock ground control with screen and shotcrete. In: Darling P (ed) SME mining engineering handbook, 3rd edn. Society of Mining Engineers, pp 573–594
Hadjigeorgiou J, Stacey TR (2018) Challenges in determining the capacity of mesh. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference. Sydney, pp 280–290
Itasca (2012) FLAC3D-fast lagrangian analysis of continua, 5.0 edn. Itasca Consulting Group Inc, Minneapolis
Itasca (2016a) 3DEC-Theory and background. Itasca Consulting Group Inc, Minneapolis
Itasca (2016b) 3DEC-Three-dimensional distinct element code, 5.2 edn. Itasca Consulting Group Inc, Minneapolis
Karampinos E, Baek B, Hadjigeorgiou J (2018) Discrete element modelling of a laboratory static test on welded wire mesh. In: Potvin Y Jakubec J (eds) Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Block and Sublevel Caving. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Vacncouver, pp 735–746
Karampinos E, Hadjigeorgiou J, Turcotte P (2016) Discrete element modelling of the influence of reinforcement in structurally controlled squeezing mechanisms in a hard rock mine. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49(12):4869–4892
Lorig L, Varona P (2013) Guidelines for numerical modelling of rock support for mines. In: Potvin Y, Brady B (eds) Proceedings of the seventh international symposium on ground support in mining and underground construction. Perth; 13–15 May 2013, pp. 81–105
Morton E (2009) Static testing of large scale ground support panels. MSc thesis. Curtain University, Perth, Western Australia
Morton E, Thompson A, Villaescusa E, Roth A (2007) Testing and analysis of steel wire mesh for mining applications of rock surface support. In: Proceedings of the 11th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics. Lisbon, pp 1061–1064
Ortlepp W (1983) Considerations in the design of Support for deep hard-rock tunnels. In: Proceedings of the Fifth ISRM Congress. Melbourne, pp 179–187
Potvin Y, Hadjigeorgiou J (2016) Selection of ground support for mining drives based on the Q-system. In: Eighth International Symposium on Ground Support in Mining and Underground Construction. Lulea, pp 1–16
Roth A, Cala M, Brändle R, Rorem E (2014) Analysis and numerical modelling of dynamic ground support based on instrumented full scale tests. In: Hudyma M Potvin Y (eds) Proceedings of seventh international conference on deep and high stress mining. Australian Cenre for Geomechanics, Sudbury, pp 151–164
Shan Z, Porter I, Nemcik J (2014) Performance of full scale welded steel mesh for surface control in underground coal mines. In: Proceedings of the 31st annual international pittsburgh coal conference: Coal–energy, environment and sustainable development. Pittsburgh, pp 1421–1438
Tannant D (1995) Load capacity and stiffness of welded-wire mesh. In: Proceedings of the 48th Canadian Geotechnical Conference. Vancouver, pp 729–736
Thoeni K, Giacomini A, Lambert C, Sloan S, Carter J (2014) A 3D discrete element modelling approach for rockfall analysis with drapery systems. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 68:107–119
Thompson A (2004) Rock support action of mesh quantified by testing and analysis. In: Potvin Y, Stacey T, Hadjigeorgiou J (eds) Surface support in mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Western Australia, Perth, pp 391–398
Watson B, van Niekerk D, Page M (2017) An improved method of testing tendon strap and weld mesh. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 117(12):1139–1144
Whiting R (2017) In situ static performance assessment of mine mesh. In: Wesseloo (ed) Proceedings of the eighth international conference on deep and high stress mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp 747–762
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The technical input of Dr. Jim Hazzard from Itasca Consulting Inc. is greatly acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baek, B., Karampinos, E. & Hadjigeorgiou, J. Understanding the Impact of Test Configuration on Welded-Wire Mesh Laboratory Test Results. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53, 4873–4892 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02198-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-020-02198-w