Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Performance of D-Bolts Under Dynamic Loading

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this work, dynamic test results of D-bolts are presented. The rock bolt specimens studied are 20 and 22 mm in diameter and 0.8–1.5 m in section length. The bolts were tested at an impact velocity of 5.4–6.2 m/s and with impact energy varying from 10 to 60 kJ. In total, over 50 drop tests were conducted during a period of three years. The dynamic tests show that a D-bolt section of 22 mm × 1.5 m can sustain an impact of 56 kJ of a dynamic impact and absorb 60 kJ of energy prior to failure. The maximum impact energy of the 22 mm bolt is thus 37 kJ/m of bolt and the maximum energy absorption is 40 kJ/m. The displacement of the D-bolt increases linearly with the impact energy. A theoretical solution has been obtained for the relationship between the impact energy and the displacement of the bolt. It states that the energy absorption of a D-bolt section is proportionally related to the volume of the bolt section and the tensile strength and ultimate strain of the bolt material. It was also found that the magnitude of the impact energy determines whether or not the bolt fails, while the impact momentum determines how long the impact lasts. The impact duration increases linearly with momentum as long as the bolt shank does not fail.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Cai M, Champaigne D (2010) Development of a fully debonded cone bolt for rockburst support. In: Jan MVS, Potvin Y (eds) Deep mining 2010. In: Proceedings of the 5th international seminar deep and high stress mining, 6–8 Oct 2010, Santiago, Chile. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, pp 392–342

  • CAMIRO (1995) Canadian rockburst research program 1990–1995—a comprehensive summary of five years of collaborative research on rockbursting in hard rock mines. CAMIRO Mining Division, Canada

  • Charette F, Plouffe M (2007) Roofex—results of laboratory testing of a new concept of yieldable tendon. In: Potvin Y (ed) Deep mining 07. In: Proceedings of the 4th international seminar deep and high stress mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp 395–404

  • Jager AJ (1992) Two new support units for the control of rockburst damage. In: Kaiser PK, McCreath DR (eds) Proceedings of the international symposium rock support. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 621–631

  • Li CC (2010) A new energy-absorbing bolt for rock support in high stress rock masses. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:396–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li CC (2011a) Chapter 18. Rock support for underground excavations subjected to dynamic loads and failure. In: Zhou Y, Zhao J (eds) Advances in rock dynamics and applications. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Rotan, pp 483–506

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Li CC (2011b) Performance of the D-bolt under static loading. Rock Mech Rock Eng. doi:10.1007/s00603-011-0198-6

  • McCreath CD, Kaiser PK (1992) Evaluation of current support practices in burst-prone ground and preliminary guidelines for Canadian hardrock mines. In: Kaiser PK, McCreath DR (eds) Proceedings of the international symposium rock support. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 611–619

  • Ortlepp D (1992) Invited lecture: the design of support for the containment of rockburst damage in tunnels—an engineering approach. In: Kaiser PK, McCreath DR (eds) Proceedings of the international symposium rock support, Sudbury, ON, Canada, Balkema, pp 593–609

  • Ortlepp D (1994) Grouted rock-studs as rockburst support: a simple design approach and an effective test procedure. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 94(2):4763

    Google Scholar 

  • Ortlepp D, Stacey TR (1995) Technical note: safety and cost implications in the spacing of support. J South Afr Inst Min Metall, pp 141–146

  • Player J, Thompson A, Villaescusa E (2008) Dynamic testing of reinforcement systems. In: Stacey TR, Malan DF (eds) 6th international symposium ground support in mining and civil engineering construction, Cape Town, South Africa. SAMM symposium series S51, pp 597–622

  • Simser B (2001) Geotechnical review of the July 29, 2001. West ore zone mass blast and the performance of the Brunswick/NTC rockburst support system. Tech Rep

  • Varden R, Lachenicht R, Player J, Thompson A, Villaescusa E (2008) Development and implementation of the Garford Dynamic Bolt at the Kanowna Belle Mine. In: 10th underground operators’ conference, Launceston, Australia

  • Wu R, Oldsen J (2010) Development of a new yielding rock bolt—Yield-Lok bolt. In: The 44th US rock mechanics symposium, Salt Lake City, USA, ARMA, pp 10–197

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Xstrata Nickel, Canada, for its support for some of the tests. The authors are also grateful to Dr. Graham Swan for constructive discussions in the early stages of this work and to Mr. Ted Anderson, CANMET-MMSL, Canada, for his enthusiastic engagement and professional laboratory work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology and Mineral Resources Engineering, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Charlie C. Li

  2. CANMET Mining and Mineral Sciences Laboratories, Natural Resources, Ottawa, Canada

    Chantale Doucet

Authors
  1. Charlie C. Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chantale Doucet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charlie C. Li.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Li, C.C., Doucet, C. Performance of D-Bolts Under Dynamic Loading. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45, 193–204 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0202-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-011-0202-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation