Abstract
Purposes
To establish the efficiency of bowel ligatures in colon cancer surgery, focusing on the extent to which exfoliated cancer cells are shed in the colonic lumen during sigmoidectomy.
Methods
Twenty consecutive patients who underwent sigmoidectomy for sigmoid colon cancer were prospectively randomized into two groups: the “ligatures group”, in which bowel ligatures were placed, 3, 5, 10 cm from the tumor proximally and distally before dissection; and the “no ligatures group”, in which the corresponding sites were ligated only immediately before taking the specimen out. Each colonic segment ligated was irrigated with saline and samples were sent for blind cytological examination.
Results
Cancer cells were found in the colonic segment where the tumor was located, in 18 of 20 samples. The frequency of free cancer cells decreased from 50 to 0 % (p < 0.04) in the distal 3–5 cm colonic segment and from 80 to 20 % (p < 0.03) in the proximal colonic segment after performing bowel ligatures. Free cancer cells were confirmed in 1 of 10 samples at both colonic segments 5–10 cm from the tumor, even after bowel ligatures.
Conclusions
Intraluminal exfoliated cancer cells could be eliminated by placing bowel ligatures during sigmoidectomy. Measures should be considered to eliminate exfoliated cancer cells during colectomy, even after placing bowel ligatures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Turnbull RB, Kyle K, Watson ER, Spratt J. Cancer of the colon: Influence of the no-touch isolation technique on survival rates. Ann Surg. 1967;166:420–5.
Kuramoto M, Hasuo T, Ishihara K, Ikeshima S, Iwatsuki M, Shimada S. A case of anastomotic recurrence of sigmoid colon cancer after functional end-to-end anastomosis. J Jap Surg Assoc. 2005;66:1976–9.
Shiino Y, Ozaki T, Komuro M, Yamada H, Shinohara K, Kitahata Y. Study of suture line recurrence after laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Saitamaigakkaishi. 2005;39:461–4.
Moriguchi Y, Uehara K, Fujita S, Yamamoto S, Akasu T, Moriya Y. Two cases of anastomotic recurrence of colon cancer following functional end-to-end anastomosis. Rinsyougeka. 2006;61:1283–6.
Wakayama K, Maeda Y, Shinohara T, Hamada T, Naito H. A case of stapled suture line recurrence of sigmoid colon cancer after functional end to end anastomosis. J Jap Surg Assoc. 2007;68:2024–7.
Ishiguro Y, Miyakura Y, Yasuda K. Suture line recurrence after colon cancer surgery. Gastroenterol Endosco. 2007;49:2998–9.
Futami R, Shimanuki K, Sugiura A, Tsuchiya Y, Kaneko M, Okawa K, Mineta S, Sugiura Y, Akimaru K, Taiji T. Recurrence of colonic cancer twice at the site of stapled colorectal anastomosis. J Nippon Med Sch. 2007;74:251–6.
Slanetz CA. Effect of no touch isolation on survival and recurrence in curative resections for colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 1998;5:390–8.
Umpleby HC, Fermor B, Symes MO, Williamson RCN. Viability of exfoliated colorectal carcinoma cells. Br J Surg. 1984;71:659–63.
Jap Soc for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. Japanese Classification of Colorectal Carcinoma. Tokyo: Kanehara & Co Ltd.; 1997. p. 4–25.
Ryall C. Cancer infection and cancer recurrence. Lancet. 1907;2:1311–6.
Gordon-Watson C. Origin and spread of cancer of the rectum in relation to surgical treatment. Lancet. 1938;1:239–45.
Pattana-arun J, Wolff BG. Benefit of povidone-iodine solution in colorectal operations: science or legend. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:966–71.
Skipper D, Cooper AJ, Marston JE, Taylor I. Exfoliated cells and in vitro growth in colorectal cancer. Br J Surg. 1987;74:1049–52.
Gertsch P, Baer HU, Kraft R, Maddern GJ, Altermatt HJ. Malignant cells are collected on circular staplers. Dis Colon Rectum. 1992;35:238–41.
Jenner DC, de Boer WB, Clarke G, Levitt MD. Rectal washout eliminates exfoliated malignant cells. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:1432–4.
Fermor B, Umpleby HC, Lever JV, Symes MO, Williamson RCN. Proliferative and metastatic potential of exfoliated colorectal cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1985;76:347–9.
Yoshida K, Sugino T, Bolodeoku J, Warren BF, Goodison S, Woodman A, Toge T, Takahara E, Tarin D. Detection of exfoliated carcinoma cells in colonic luminal washings by identification of deranged patterns of expression of the CD44 gene. J Clin Pathol. 1996;49:300–5.
Maeda K, Maruta M, Hanai T, Sato H, Horibe Y. Irrigation volume determines the efficacy of “rectal washout”. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1706–10.
Stule JP, Petrelli NJ, Herrera L, Mittelman A. Anastomotic recurrence of adenocarcinoma of the colon. Arch Surg. 1986;121:1077–80.
Matsumoto M, Maruta M, Maeda K, Utsumi T, Tohyama K, Msumori K. Suture line recurrence following curative resection for carcinoma of the colon-report of two cases. J Jap Surg Assoc. 1999;60:1341–4.
Tsunoda A, Kawamura M, Nakao K, Yoshizawa H, Kawaguchi T, Marumori K, Cho H, Yasuda H, Satoh T, Arai K. Recurrence at the suture line following resection for carcinoma of the colon. J Jap Coloproctol. 1993;46:215–8.
McGrew EW, Laws JF, Cole WH. Free malignant cells in relation to recurrence of carcinoma of the colon. JAMA. 1954;154:1251–4.
Symes MO, Fermor B, Umpleby HC, Tribe CR, Williamson RC. Cell exfoliated from colorectal cancer can proliferate in immune deprived mice. Br J Cancer. 1984;50:423–5.
Skipper D, Jeffrey MI, Cooper AJ, Alexander P, Taylor I. Enhanced growth of tumor cells in healing colonic anastomoses and laparotomy wounds. Int J Colorectal Dis. 1989;4:172–7.
Docherly JG, McGregor JR, Akyol AM, Gordon DM, Galloway DJ. Comparison of manually constructed and stapled anastomoses in colorectal surgery. Ann Surg. 1995;221:176–84.
Nicholls RJ. Surgery for rectal carcinoma. In: Nicholls RJ, Dozois RR, editors. Surgery of the colon and rectum. New York: Churchill-Livingstone; 1997. p. 442–62.
Phillips RK, Hittinger R, Belesovsky L, Fry JS, Fielding LP. Local recurrence following ‘curative’ surgery for large bowel cancer: II. The rectum and rectosigmoid. Br J Surg. 1984;71:17–20.
Cho H. Suture-line implantation in colorectal cancer surgery and efficacy of povidone-iodine solution –an experimental study-. J Jap Gastroenterol Surg. 1997;30:1847–55.
Kyzer S, Gordon PH. The stapled functional end-to-end anastomosis following colonic resection. Colorectal Dis. 1992;7:125–31.
Wolmark N, Gordon PH, Fisher B, Weiand S, Lerner H, Lawrence W, Shibata H. A comparison of stapled and hand sewn anastomoses in patients undergoing resection for Dukes’ B and C colorectal cancer; an analysis of disease free survival and survival from NSABP prospective clinical trials. Dis Colon Rectum. 1986;29:344–50.
Pihl E, Hughes ESR, McDermott FT, Price AB. Recurrence of carcinoma of the colon and rectum at the anastomotic suture line. Surg Gynecol Obstetric. 1981;153:495–6.
Conflict of interest
Kotaro Maeda and his coauthors have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Maeda, K., Hanai, T., Sato, H. et al. Intraluminal exfoliated cancer cells and effectiveness of bowel ligatures during sigmoidectomy for sigmoid colon cancer. Surg Today 44, 297–301 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-013-0788-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-013-0788-x