Abstract
Recently, ultrasound-guided caudal anesthesia has been performed for postoperative pain management after lumbar spine surgery. Although it is well known that intravascular injection often occurs in the caudal part of the spine, and that this cannot be detected at the time of injection under ultrasound screening, the risk factors for intravascular injection have not been evaluated. To assess the risk index for prediction of accidental intravascular injection during caudal anesthesia, we retrospectively examined the hospital records of patients suffering from chronic low back pain who underwent sacral epidurography. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that radicular symptoms of the lumbar spine (OR, 2.511, 95 % CI, 1.097–5.748) and duration of symptoms (OR, 1.006, 95 % CI, 1.002–1.010) were significant and independent risk factors for accidental intravascular injection during sacral epidurography. This study suggests that the incidence of accidental intravascular drug injection during caudal anesthesia would be higher in patients with chronic radicular symptoms of the lumbar spine.
References
Chen CP, Tang SF, Hsu TC, Tsai WC, Liu HP, Chen MJ, Date E, Lew HL. Ultrasound guidance in caudal epidural needle placement. Anesthesiology. 2004;101:181–4.
Yoon JS, Sim KH, Kim SJ, Kim WS, Koh SB, Kim BJ. The feasibility of color Doppler ultrasonography for caudal epidural steroid injection. Pain. 2005;118:210–4.
Huang J. Disadvantages of ultrasound guidance in caudal epidural needle placement. Anesthesiology. 2005;102:693.
Slipman CW, Isaac Z, Lenrow DA, Chou LH, Gilchrist RV, Vresilovic EJ. Clinical evidence of chemical radiculopathy. Pain Physician. 2002;5:260–5.
Friedly J, Chan L, Deyo R. Increases in lumbosacral injections in the Medicare population: 1994 to 2001. Spine. 2007;32:1754–60.
Manchikanti L, Singh V, Derby R, Schultz DM, Benyamin RM, Prager JP, Hirsch JA. Reassessment of evidence synthesis of occupational medicine practice guidelines for interventional pain management. Pain Physician. 2008;11:393–482.
Cladis FP, Litman RS. Transient cardiovascular toxicity with unintentional intravascular injection of 3 % 2-chloroprocaine in a 2-month-old infant. Anesthesiology. 2004;100:181–3.
DiGiovanni AJ. Inadvertent intraosseous injection: a hazard of caudal anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 1971;34:92–4.
Brown DL, Ransom DM, Hall JA, Leicht CH, Schroeder DR, Offord KP. Regional anesthesia and local anesthetic-induced systemic toxicity: seizure frequency and accompanying cardiovascular changes. Anesth Analg. 1995;81:321–8.
van Holsbeeck M, Introcaso JH. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography. Radiol Clin N Am. 1992;30:907–25.
Vad V, Bhat A, Lutz G. Transforaminal epidural steroid injections in lumbosacral radiculopathy: a prospective randomized study. Spine. 2002;27:11–6.
Buffington CW, Blix EU. A macromolecular tracer indicates that the spinal epidural space connects directly to the venous circulation in pigs. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2010;35:238–44.
Buffington CW, Nichols L, Moran PL, Blix EU. Direct connections between the spinal epidural space and the venous circulation in humans. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011;36:134–9.
Sullivan WJ, Willick SE, Chira-Adisai W, Zuhosky J, Tyburski M, Dreyfuss P, Prather H, Press JM. Incidence of intravascular uptake in lumbar spinal injection procedures. Spine. 2000;25:481–6.
El Abd OH, Amadera JE, Pimentel DC, Pimentel TS. Intravascular flow detection during transforaminal epidural injections: a prospective assessment. Pain Physician. 2014;17:21–7.
Conflict of interest
There is no potential conflict of interest to disclose.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Fukazawa, K., Matsuki, Y., Ueno, H. et al. Risk factors related to accidental intravascular injection during caudal anesthesia. J Anesth 28, 940–943 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-014-1840-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-014-1840-8