Abstract
Perpendicular or high-angle relationship of lineations is common in shear zones where synchronous fabric transposition and shearing occur. This paper documents a polyphase early-Variscan structural record exposing the transition from orogenic superstructure to infrastructure along a major detachment shear zone at the western margin of the Teplá–Barrandian domain, Bohemian Massif. On the scale of tens of kilometers this region shows major but continuous reorientation of S2/S3 intersection lineation from its NNE–SSW trends in the superstructure to the ESE–WNW trends in the infrastructure. A simple kinematic numerical model, which allows deformation parameters such as fabric attractor, deformation symmetry, and proportion of simple shear, to be varied, was formulated to explain the rotation of fabrics observed in the field. In line with the results of our kinematic modelling, these rotations are interpreted as a result of progressive transposition of the originally subvertical S2 foliation into the gently SE-dipping S3 marked by stretching at high angle to the incipient S2–S3 intersection. The mineral–fabric relations suggest that the S2 was associated with crustal thickening and is well preserved in the superstructure, while S3 was associated with exhumation of deeper parts of the infrastructure. The kinematic model confirmed the operation of major detachment shear zone and allowed a set of the most probable deformation parameters leading to successful simulation of the fabric geometries to be identified. In addition, the successful model parameters were used to restore the vertical structure of the studied region prior to exhumation on the basis of available pressure–temperature data. We believe that unlike the commonly used balanced cross-section restoration, our restoration technique can be successfully applied in orogen interiors if the mineral–fabric relations are well-constrained and high-quality pressure–temperature estimates exist.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alavi M (2007) Structures of the Zagros fold-thrust belt in Iran. Am J Sci 307(9):1064–1095. https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2007.02
Alsop GI (1992) Progressive deformation and the rotation of contemporary fold axes in the Ballybofey Nappe, north-west Ireland. Geol J 27(3):271–283. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350270103
Alsop GI, Holdsworth RE (1993) The distribution, geometry and kinematic significance of Caledonian buckle folds in the western Moine Nappe, northwestern Scottland. Geol Mag 130(3):353–362
Alsop GI, Holdsworth RE (2012) The three dimensional shape and localisation of deformation within multilayer sheath folds. J Struct Geol 44:110–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.08.015
Alsop GI, Holdsworth RE, Strachan RA (1996) Transport-parallel cross folds within a mid-crustal Caledonian thrust stack, northern Scottlannd. J Struct Geol 18(6):783–790
Alsop GI, Cheer DA, Strachan RA, Krabbendam M, Kinny PD, Holdsworth RE, Leslie AG (2010) Progressive fold and fabric evolution associated with regional strain gradients: a case study from across a Scandian ductile thrust nappe, Scottish Caledonides. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 335(1):255–274. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP335.12
Beard BL, Medaris LG, Johnson CM, Jelínek E, Tonika J, Riciputi LR (1995) Geochronology and geochemistry of eclogites from the Mariánské Lázně Complex, Czech Republic: implications for Variscan orogenesis. Geol Rundsch 84(3):552–567. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00284520
Bell TH (1978) Progressive deformation and reorientation of fold axes in a ductile mylonite zone: the Woodroffe thrust. Tectonophysics 44(1–4):285–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(78)90074-4
Bowes DR, Aftalion M (1991) U-Pb zircon isotopic evidence for early Ordovician and late Proterozoic units in the Mariánské Lázně Complex, Central-European Hercynides. Neues Jb Miner Monat 7:315–326
Bukovská Z, Jeřábek P, Lexa O, Konopásek J, Janák M, Košler J (2013) Kinematically unrelated C—S fabrics: an example of extensional shear band cleavage from the Veporic Unit (Western Carpathians). Geol Carpath 64(2):103–116. https://doi.org/10.2478/geoca-2013-0007
Carosi R, Montomoli C, Visonà D (2007) A structural transect in the Lower Dolpo: insights on the tectonic evolution of Western Nepal. J Asian Earth Sci 29(2–3):407–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.05.001
Carreras J (2001) Zooming on Northern Cap de Creus shear zones. J Struct Geol 23(9):1457–1486. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00011-6
Carreras J, Capella I (1994) Tectonic levels in the Palaeozoic basement of the Pyrenees: a review and a new interpretation. J Struct Geol 16(11):1509–1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)90029-9
Carreras J, Druguet E, Griera A (2005) Shear zone-related folds. J Struct Geol 27(7):1229–1251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2004.08.004
Collett S, Štípská P, Schulmann K, Peřestý V, Soldner J, Anczkiewicz R, Lexa O, Kylander-Clark A (2018) Combined Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd geochronology of the Mariánské Lázně Complex: new constraints on the timing of eclogite-and granulite-facies metamorphism. Lithos 304:74–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.02.007
Cottle JM, Jessup MJ, Newell DL, Searle MP, Law RD, Horstwood MS (2007) Structural insights into the early stages of exhumation along an orogen-scale detachment: the South Tibetan Detachment System, Dzakaa Chu section, Eastern Himalaya. J Struct Geol 29(11):1781–1797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.08.007
Crowley QG, Floyd PA, Štědrá V, Winchester JA, Kachlík V, Holland JG (2002) The Mariánské-Lázně Complex, NW Bohemian Massif: development and destruction of an early Palaeozoic seaway. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 201(1):177–195. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.201.01.09
Culshaw NG, Beaumont C, Jamieson R (2006) The orogenic superstructure-infrastructure concept: revisited, quantified, and revived. Geology 34(9):733–736. https://doi.org/10.1130/G22793.1
Dahlstrom CDA (1969) Balanced cross sections. Can J Earth Sci 6(4):743–757. https://doi.org/10.1139/e69-069
Dallmeyer RD, Urban M (1998) Variscan vs Cadomian tectonothermal activity in northwestern sectors of the Teplá–Barrandian zone, Czech Republic: constraints from 40 Ar/39 Ar ages. Geol Rundsch 87(1):94–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310050192
Davis JR, Titus SJ (2011) Homogeneous steady deformation: a review of computational techniques. J Struct Geol 33(6):1046–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.03.001
Dörr W, Fiala J, Vejnar Z, Zulauf G (1998) U-Pb zircon ages and structural development of metagranitoids of the Teplá crystalline complex: evidence for pervasive Cambrian plutonism within the Bohemian massif (Czech Republic). Geol Rundsch 87(1):135–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310050
Drost K, Gerdes A, Jeffries T, Linnemann U, Storey C (2011) Provenance of Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks of the Teplá–Barrandian unit (Bohemian Massif): evidence from U–Pb detrital zircon ages. Gondwana Res 19(1):213–231
Ellis M, Watkinson AJ (1987) Orogen-parallel extension and oblique tectonics: the relation between stretching lineations and relative plate motions. Geology 15(11):1022–1026. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15%3c1022:OEAOTT%3e2.0.CO;2
Faryad SW (2012) High-pressure polymetamorphic garnet growth in eclogites from the Mariánské Lázně Complex (Bohemian Massif). Eur J Mineral 24(3):483–497. https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2012/0024-2184
Fay C, Bell TH, Hobbs BE (2008) Porphyroblast rotation versus nonrotation: conflict resolution! Geology 36(4):307–310. https://doi.org/10.1130/G24499A.1
Fossen H, Cavalcante GCG, Pinheiro RVL, Archanjo CJ (2018) Deformation-progressive or multiphase? J Struct Geol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.05.006
Ghosh SK, Ramberg H (1976) Reorientation of inclusions by combination of pure shear and simple shear. Tectonophysics 34(1–2):1–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(76)90176-1
Grasemann B, Stüwe K, Vannay JC (2003) Sense and non-sense of shear in flanking structures. J Struct Geol 25(1):19–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00012-3
Grasemann B, Dabrowski M, Schöpfer MP (2018) Sense and non-sense of shear reloaded. J Struct Geol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2018.05.028
Grujic D, Mancktelow NS (1995) Folds with axes parallel to extension direction: an experimental study. J Struct Geol 17(2):279–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)E0048-4
Hajná J, Žák J, Kachlík V, Dörr W, Gerdes A (2013) Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian Franciscan-type mélanges in the Teplá–Barrandian unit, Bohemian Massif: evidence of modern-style accretionary processes along the Cadomian active margin of Gondwana? Precambrian Res 224:653–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2012.11.007
Hajná J, Žák J, Dörr W (2017) Time scales and mechanisms of growth of active margins of Gondwana: a model based on detrital zircon ages from the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Blovice accretionary complex, Bohemian Massif. Gondwana Res 42:63–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.10.004
Hossack JR (1968) Pebble deformation and thrusting in the Bygdin area (southern Norway). Tectonophysics 5(4):315–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(68)90035-8
Hrouda F, Faryad SW, Chlupáčová M, Jeřábek P (2014) Magnetic fabric in amphibolized eclogites and serpentinized ultramafites in the Mariánské Lázně Complex (Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic): product of exhumation-driven retrogression? Tectonophysics 629:260–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.01.034
Hudleston PJ, Treagus SH (2010) Information from folds: a review. J Struct Geol 32(12):2042–2071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2010.08.011
Jamieson RA, Beaumont C, Nguyen MH, Culshaw NG (2007) Synconvergent ductile flow in variable strength continental crust: Numerical models with application to the western Grenville orogen. Tectonics 26:TC5005. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006TC002036
Jašarová P, Racek M, Jeřábek P, Holub FV (2016) Metamorphic reactions and textural changes in coronitic metagabbros from the Tepla Crystalline and Marianske Lazne complexes, Bohemian Massif. J Geosci 61(3):193–219. https://doi.org/10.3190/jgeosci.216
Jelínek E, Štědrá V, Cháb J (1997) The Mariánské Lázně Complex. In: Vrána S, Štědrá V (eds) Geological model of western Bohemia related to the KTB borehole in Germany. Czech Geol Surv, Prague, pp 32–36
Jeřábek P, Lexa O, Schulmann K, Plašienka D (2012) Inverse ductile thinning via lower crustal flow and fold-induced doming in the West Carpathian Eo-Alpine collisional wedge. Tectonics. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012TC003097
Jeřábek P, Konopásek J, Žáčková E (2016) Two-stage exhumation of subducted Saxothuringian continental crust records underplating in the subduction channel and collisional forced folding (Krkonoše-Jizera Mts., Bohemian Massif). J Struct Geol 89:214–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.06.008
Jiang D, Williams PF (2004) Reference frame, angular momentum, and porphyroblast rotation. J Struct Geol 26(12):2211–2224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2004.06.012
Jourdon A, Rolland Y, Petit C, Bellahsen N (2014) Style of Alpine tectonic deformation in the Castellane fold-and-thrust belt (SW Alps, France): insights from balanced cross-sections. Tectonophysics 633:143–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.06.022
Kuiper YD, Jiang D, Lin S (2007) Relationship between non-cylindrical fold geometry and the shear direction in monoclinic and triclinic shear zones. J Struct Geol 29(6):1022–1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(94)E0048-4
Lexa O, Cosgrove J, Schulmann K (2004) Apparent shear-band geometry resulting from oblique fold sections. J Struct Geol 26(1):155–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(03)00072-5
Linnemann U, McNaughton NJ, Romer RL, Gehmlich M, Drost K, Tonk C (2004) West African provenance for Saxo-Thuringia (Bohemian Massif): did Armorica ever leave pre-Pangean Gondwana?–U/Pb-SHRIMP zircon evidence and the Nd-isotopic record. Int J Earth Sci 93(5):683–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-004-0413-8
March A (1932) Mathematische Theorie der Regelung nach der Korngestah bei affiner deformation. Z Kristallogr-Cryst Mater 81(1–6):285–297. https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1932.81.1.285
Matte P (2001) The Variscan collage and orogeny (480–290 Ma) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: a review. Terra Nova 13(2):122–128. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00327.x
Medaris LG, Jelínek E, Faryad SW, Singer BS (2011) Peridotite and metabasic rocks of the Mariánské Lázne Metaophiolite Complex/The Eclogitic Mariánské Lázne Complex: a Vestige of an Early Paleozoic Ocean. Geolines 23:71–83
Michibayashi K, Mainprice D (2004) The role of pre-existing mechanical anisotropy on shear zone development within oceanic mantle lithosphere: an example from the Oman ophiolite. J Petrol 45(2):405–414. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egg099
Morales LF, Casey M, Lloyd GE, Williams DM (2011) Kinematic and temporal relationships between parallel fold hinge lines and stretching lineations: a microstructural and crystallographic preferred orientation approach. Tectonophysics 503(3–4):207–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.03.003
Murphy DC (1987) Suprastructure/infrastructure transition, east-central Cariboo Mountains, British Columbia: geometry, kinematics and tectonic implications. J Struct Geol 9(1):13–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(87)90040-X
Murphy JB, Nance RD (1991) Supercontinent model for the contrasting character of Late Proterozoic orogenic belts. Geology 19(5):469–472. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019%3c0469:SMFTCC%3e2.3.CO;2
Nance RD, Gutiérrez-Alonso G, Keppie JD, Linnemann U, Murphy JB, Quesada C, Strachan RA, Woodcock NH (2010) Evolution of the Rheic ocean. Gondwana Res 17(2–3):194–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2009.08.001
Passchier CW (1997) The fabric attractor. J Struc Geol 19(1):113–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00077-6
Patočka F, Pruner P, Štorch P (2003) Palaeomagnetism and geochemistry of early Palaeozoic rocks of the Barrandian (Tepla-Barrandian Unit, Bohemian Massif): palaeotectonic implications. Phys Chem Earth Parts A/B/C 28(16–19):735–749. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00126-8
Peřestý V, Lexa O, Holder R, Jeřábek P, Racek M, Štípská P, Schulmann K, Hacker B (2017) Metamorphic inheritance of Rheic passive margin evolution and its early-Variscan overprint in the Teplá–Barrandian Unit, Bohemian Massif. J Metamorph Geol 35(3):327–355. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12234
Provost A, Buisson C, Merle O (2004) From progressive to finite deformation and back. J Geophys Res-sol Ea. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001734
Ramberg H, Ghosh SK (1977) Rotation and strain of linear and planar structures in three-dimensional progressive deformation. Tectonophysics 40(3–4):309–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(77)90071-3
Ridley J (1986) Parallel stretching lineations and fold axes oblique to a shear displacement direction—a model and observations. J Struct Geol 8(6):647–653. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(86)90070-2
Robinson DM, Martin AJ (2014) Reconstructing the Greater Indian margin: a balanced cross section in central Nepal focusing on the Lesser Himalayan duplex. Tectonics 33(11):2143–2168. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014TC003564
Schmid SM, Pfiffner OA, Froitzheim N, Schönborn G, Kissling E (1996) Geophysical-geological transect and tectonic evolution of the Swiss-Italian Alps. Tectonics 15(5):1036–1064. https://doi.org/10.1029/96TC00433
Schulmann K, Konopásek J, Janoušek V, Lexa O, Lardeaux JM, Edel JB, Štípská P, Ulrich S (2009) An Andean type Palaeozoic convergence in the Bohemian massif. CR Geosci 341(2–3):266–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2008.12.006
Skjernaa L (1980) Rotation and deformation of randomly oriented planar and linear structures in progressive simple shear. J Struct Geol 2(1–2):101–109
Štědrá V, Kachlík V, Kryza R (2002) Coronitic metagabbros of the Mariánské Lázně Complex and Teplá Crystalline Unit: inferences for the tectonometamorphic evolution of the western margin of the Teplá–Barrandian Unit, Bohemian Massif. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 201(1):217–236. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.201.01.11
Strnad L, Mihaljevič M (2005) Sedimentary provenance of Mid-Devonian clastic sediments in the Teplá–Barrandian Unit (Bohemian Massif): U–Pb and Pb–Pb geochronology of detrital zircons by laser ablation ICP-MS. Miner Petrol 84(1–2):47–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-004-0057-1
Suchý V, Sýkorová I, Melka K, Filip J, Machovič V (2007) Illite ‘crystallinity’, maturation of organic matter and microstructural development associated with lowest-grade metamorphism of Neoproterozoic sediments in the Tepla-Barrandian unit, Czech Republic. Clay Miner 42(4):503–526. https://doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2007.042.4.08
Timmermann H, Štědrá V, Gerdes A, Noble SR, Parrish RR, Dörr W (2004) The problem of dating high-pressure metamorphism: a U-Pb isotope and geochemical study on eclogites and related rocks of the Mariánské Lázně Complex, Czech Republic. J Petrol 45(7):1311–1338. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egh020
Timmermann H, Dörr W, Krenn E, Finger F, Zulauf G (2006) Conventional and in situ geochronology of the Teplá Crystalline unit, Bohemian Massif: implications for the processes involving monazite formation. Int J Earth Sci 95(4):629–647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-005-0060-8
Venera Z, Schulmann K, Kröner A (2000) Intrusion within a transtensional tectonic domain: the Čistá granodiorite (Bohemian Massif)—structure and rheological modelling. J Struct Geol 22(10):1437–1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00054-7
Verma AK, Bhattacharya AR (2015) Reorientation of lineation in the Central Crystalline Zone, Munsiari-Milam area of the Kumaun Greater Himalaya. J Earth Syst Sci 124(2):449–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-015-0540-6
Vollmer FW (1990) An application of eigenvalue methods to structural domain analysis. Geol Soc Am Bull 102(6):786–791
Wegmann CE (1935) Zur Deutung der Migmatite. Geol Rundsch 26:305–350
Williams GD (1978) Rotation of contemporary folds into the X direction during overthrust processes in Laksefjord, Finnmark. Tectonophysics 48(1–2):29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(78)90084-7
Williams PF, Jiang D, Lin S (2006) Interpretation of deformation fabrics of infrastructure zone rocks in the context of channel flow and other tectonic models. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 268:221–235. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.268.01.10
Winchester JA, Pharaoh TC, Verniers J (2002) Palaeozoic amalgamation of Central Europe: an introduction and synthesis of new results from recent geological and geophysical investigations. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 201(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.201.01.01
Xypolias P, Alsop GI (2014) Regional flow perturbation folding within an exhumation channel: a case study from the Cycladic Blueschists. J Struct Geol 62:141–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2014.02.001
Xypolias P, Spanos D, Chatzaras V, Kokkalas S, Koukouvelas I (2010) Vorticity of flow in ductile thrust zones: examples from the Attico-Cycladic Massif (Internal Hellenides, Greece). Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 335(1):687–714. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP335.28
Žák J, Kraft P, Hajná J (2013) Timing, styles, and kinematics of Cambro-Ordovician extension in the Teplá–Barrandian Unit, Bohemian Massif, and its bearing on the opening of the Rheic Ocean. Int J Earth Sci 102(2):415–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0811-2
Zulauf G (2001) Structural style, deformation mechanisms and paleodifferential stress along an exposed crustal section: constraints on the rheology of quartzofeldspathic rocks at supra-and infrastructural levels (Bohemian Massif). Tectonophysics 332:211–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00258-4
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the Czech Science Foundation (17-22207S) and by Center for Geosphere Dynamics (UNCE/SCI/006). Karel Schulmann is appreciated for constructive comments on the early version of the manuscript. Ian Alsop and John Cosgrove are acknowledged for a careful review of the manuscript and Christian Dullo for his editorial work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Peřestý, V., Lexa, O. & Jeřábek, P. Restoration of early-Variscan structures exposed along the Teplá shear zone in the Bohemian Massif: constraints from kinematic modelling. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 109, 1189–1211 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-019-01806-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-019-01806-7