Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Amphibole-derived evidence of medium P/T metamorphic ratio in Alpujárride and Federico “HP” units (Western Betic-Northern Rif, Spain and Morocco): possible interpretations

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Earth Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The significance of zoned Ca-amphibole found in metapelites, quartzites, and synfolial veins of the Internal Zone of the Betic-Rif range (Federico units from Northern Rif and Alpujárride units from Western Betic) in the Alpine tectono-metamorphic evolution of these units is discussed for first time. Typical Al-rich metapelites from both areas show assemblages consisting of white mica and chlorite, with sporadic kyanite and chloritoid. Nevertheless, in the Rif zone, phyllites and synfolial veins of Permo-Triassic units show the assemblage pumpellyite + epidote + actinolite. In the Jubrique area (Betic zone), Ca-rich phyllites, fine-grained quartzites, and quartz veins show assemblages consisting of Ca-amphibole, plagioclase, epidote, titanite, chlorite, and quartz. The Al-in-amphibole thermobarometer defines clockwise pressure–temperature paths with a range of prograde temperatures and pressures between 272°C-1.2 kbar and 484°C-3.2 kbar for the Federico unit and between 274°C-1.1 kbar and 620°C-6.1 kbar in the Jubrique unit. Amphiboles from both areas define prograde pressure–temperature paths typical of Barrovian-type metamorphism. This finding contrasts with previous estimates, which deduced high-pressure conditions in both areas. The described amphiboles indicate metamorphic conditions similar to those found in the tectonically deepest complex (Veleta complex) of the Betic Internal Zone and suggest formation during a medium P/T Alpine event, which has not been previously identified in the Alpujárride complex.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson JL, Smith DR (1995) The effects of temperature and fO2 on the Al-in-hornblende barometer. Am Miner 80:549–559

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrieux J, Fontboté JM, Mattauer M (1971) Sur un modéle explicatif de l’Arc de Gibraltar. Earth Planet Sci Lett 12:191–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azañón JM, Goffé B (1997) Ferro- and magnesiocarpholite assemblages as record of high-P, low-T metamorphism in the central Alpujárrides, Betic Cordillera (SE Spain). Eur J Miner 9:1035–1051

    Google Scholar 

  • Azañón JM, Balanyá JC, García-Dueñas V (1995) Registro metamórfico de alta presión-baja temperatura en la unidad de Jubrique e imbricaciones de Benarrabá (Cordillera Bético-Rifeña). Geogaceta 17:133–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Azañón JM, Crespo-Blanc A, García-Dueñas V (1997) Continental collision, crustal thinning, and nappe forming during the pre-Miocene evolution of the Alpujarride Complex (Alboran Domain, Betics). J Struct Geol 19:1055–1071

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachman O, Dungan MA (2002) Temperature-induced Al-zoning in hornblendes of the fish Canyon magma, Colorado. Am Miner 87:1062–1076

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker HE, Jong De, Helmers H, Biermann C (1989) The geodynamic evolution of the internal zone of the Betic Cordilleras (south-east Spain): a model based on structural analysis and geothermobarometry. J Metam Geol 7:359–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balanyá JC, Azañón JM, Sánchez-Gómez M, García-Dueñas V (1993) Pervasive ductile extension, isothermal decompression and thinning of the Jubrique unit in the Paleogene (Alpujarride Complex, western Betics, Spain). C R Acad Sci Paris 316:1595–1601

    Google Scholar 

  • Balanyá JC, García-Dueñas V, Azañón JM (1997) Alternating contractional and extensional events in the Alpujarride nappes of the Alborán Domain (Betics, Gibraltar Arc). Tectonics 16:226–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bégin NJ, Carmichel DM (1992) Textural and compositional relationships of Ca-amphiboles in metabasites of the Cape Smith Belt, Northern Québec: implications for a miscibility gap at medium pressure. J Petrol 33:1317–1343

    Google Scholar 

  • Beiersdorfer RE, Day HW (1995) Mineral parageneses of pumpellyite in low-grade mafic rocks. Geol Soc Am Spec Paper 296:5–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellot JP, Triboulet C, Laverne C, Bronner G (2003) Evidence for two burial/exhumation stages during the evolution of the Variscan belt, as exemplified by P-T-t-d paths of metabasites in distinct allochthonous units of the Maures massif (SE France). Int J Earth Sci 92:7–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird DK, Cho M, Janik C, Liou JG, Caruso LJ (1988) Compositional order/disorder, and stable isotope characteristics of Al-Fe epidote, state 2–14 drill hole, Salton Sea geothermal system. J Geophys Res 93:13135–13144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blundy JD, Holland TJB (1990) Calcic amphibole equilibria and a new amphibole-plagioclase geothermometer. Contrib Miner Petrol 104:208–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boillot G, Montadert L, Lemoine M, Biju-Duval B (1984) Les marges continentals actuelles et fossils autour de la France. Masson, Paris, 342 pp

  • Bouillin J, Durand-Delga M, Olivier P (1986) Betic-Rif and Tyrrhenian distinctive features, genesis and development stages. In: Wezel FC (ed) The origin of arcs. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 281–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Bousquet R (2008) Metamorphic heterogeneities within a single HP unit: overprint effect or metamorphic mix? Lithos 103:46–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouybaouène ML (1993) Étude pétrologique des metapelites Sebtides supérieures, Rif Interne, Maroc: Une évolution métamorphique de haute pression. Ph. Thesis. Université Mohammmed V. Rabat, 151 pp

  • Bouybaouène ML, Goffé B, Michard A (1995) High pressure, low-temperature metamorphism in the Sebtides nappes, northern Rif, Morocco. Geogaceta 17:117–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown EH (1977) The crossite content of Ca-amphiboles as a guide to pressure of metamorphism. J Petrol 18:53–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Bucher K, Frey M (2002) Petrogenesis of metamorphic rocks. Springer, Berlin, p 341

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrupt E, Schlup M (1998) Metamorphism and tectonics of the south side of the Val Bognanco (Penninic, Italian). Alps Bul Soc Vaudoise Sci Nat 86:29–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Chalouan A, Michard A (1990) The Ghomarides nappes, Rif coastal range, Morocco: a variscan chip in the Alpine belt. Tectonics 9:1565–1583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daczko NR, Caffi P, Halpin JA, Mann P (2009) Exhumation of the Dayman dome metamorphic core complex, eastern Papua New Guinea. J Metam Geol 27:405–422

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Jong K (1991) Tectono-metamorphic studies and radiometric dating in the Betic Cordilleras (SE Spain), with implications for the dynamics of extension and compression in the western Mediterranean area. Tesis Univ, Amsterdam, p 204

    Google Scholar 

  • De Jong K (1993) The tectono-metamorphic and chronologic development of the Betic Zone (SE Spain) with implications for the geodynamic evolution of the western Mediterranean area. Proc Ned Akad v Wetensch 96:295–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Desmons J (1989) Different metamorphic evolutions in the Alpine-Apenninic ophiolites (France-Italy-Switzerland-Austria). Chem Geol 77:229–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Didon J, Durand-Delga M, Kornprobst J (1973) Homologies géologiques entre les deux rives du Détroit de Gibraltar. Bull Soc Géol France 15:77–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand-Delga M (1968) Coup d’oeil sur les unités Malaguides des Cordillères Bétiques (Espagne). C R Acad Sc Paris 266:190–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Durand-Delga M, Kornprobst J (1963) Esquisse géologique de la région de Ceuta. Bull Soc Géol France 7:1049–1057

    Google Scholar 

  • Egeler CG (1963) On the tectonics of the eastern Betic Cordilleras (SE Spain). Geol Rundschau 53:260–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egeler CG, Simon OJ (1969) Sur la tectonique de la zone Bétique (Cordillères Bétiques Espagne). Ver Kon Ned Akd Wet 25:1–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst WG, Liu J (1998) Experimental phase-equilibrium study of Al- and Ti-contents of calcic amphibole in MORB-A semiquantitative thermobarometer. Am Miner 83:952–969

    Google Scholar 

  • Fallot P (1948) Les Cordillères Bétiques. Estudios geol 4:83–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontboté JM, Vera JA (1983) La Cordillera Bética. In: JA Comba (ed) Geología de España. Inst Geol Min España, vol 2, pp 205–343

  • Frey M, Wieland B (1975) Chloritoid in autochton-parautochton Sedimenten des Aarmassivs. Schweiz Mineral Petrograph Mitt 55:407–418

    Google Scholar 

  • García-Casco A, Torres-Roldán RL (1996) Disequilibrium induced by fast decompression in St-Bt-Grt-Ky-Sil-And Metapelites from the Betic Belt (Southern Spain). J Petrol 37:1207–1239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García-Dueñas V, Balanyá JC, Martínez Martínez JM (1992) Miocene extensional detachments in the outcropping basement of the northern Alboran basin (Betics) and their implications. Geo Mar Lett 12:88–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerya TV, Perchuk LL, Triboulet C, Audren C, Sez’ko AI (1997) Petrology of the Tumanshet Zonal Metamorphic Complex, Eastern Sayan. Petrology 5(6):503–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffé B, Michard A, García-Dueñas V, González-Lodeiro F, Monié P, Campos J, Galindo-Zaldívar J, Jabaloy A, Martínez-Martínez JM, Simancas F (1989) First evidence of high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphism in the Alpujarride nappes, Betic Cordillera (SE Spain). Eur J Miner 1:139–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham CM, Powell R (1984) A garnet-hornblende geothermometer: calibration, testing, and application to the Pelona Schist, southern California. J Metam Geol 2:13–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland T, Blundy J (1994) Non-ideal interactions in calcic amphiboles and their bearing on amphibole-plagioclase thermometry. Contrib Miner Petrol 116:433–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kampschuur W, Rondel HE (1975) The origin of the Betic Orogen Southern Spain. Tectonophysics 27:39–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kornprobst J (1974) Contribution à l’étude pétrographique et structurale de la zone interne du Rif (Maroc septentrional). Serv Géol Maroc Mém 25:249

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornprobst J, Durand-Delga M (1985) Carte géologique du Rif. Sebta. Échelle 1:50000. Feuille NI-30-XIX-4c. Notes Mém Serv Géol Maroc 297

  • Krenn K, Kaindl R, Hoinkes G (2004) Pumpellyite in metapelites of the Schneeberg Complex (eastern Alps, Austria): a relict of the eo-Alpine prograde P-T path? Eur J Miner 16:661–669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kretz R (1983) Symbols for rock-forming minerals. Am Miner 68:277–279

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn B, Reuser E, Powell R, Detlef G (2005) Metamorphic evolution of calc-schists in the Central Alps, Switzerland. Schweiz Miner Petrogr Mitt 85:175–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Laird J, Albee AL (1981) Pressure, temperature, and time indicators in mafic schist: their application to reconstructing the polymetamorphic history of Vermont. Am J Sci 281:127–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laird J, Lanphere MA, Albee AL (1984) Distribution of Ordovician and Devonian metamorphism in mafic and pelitic schists from Northern Vermont. Am J Sci 284:376–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leake B, Woolley AR, Arps CES, Birch WD, Gilbert MC, Grice JD, Hawthorne FC, Kato FC, Kisch HJ, Krichovichev VG, Linthout K, Laird J, Mandarino JA, Maresch WV, Nickel EH, Rock NMS, Schumacher JC, Smith DC, Stephenson NCN, Ungaretti L, Whittaker EJW, Youzhi G (1997) Nomenclature of amphiboles: report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, commission on new minerals and mineral names. Am Miner 82:1019–1037

    Google Scholar 

  • Mäder UK, Berman RG (1992) Amphibole thermobarometry, a thermodynamic approach. In: Current research, part E. Geological Survey of Canada Paper 92-1E:393–400

  • Michard A, Goffé B, Bouybaouène ML, Saddiqi O (1997) Late Hercynian-Mesozoic thinning in the Alboran domain: metamorphic data from the northern Rif, Morocco. Terra Nova 9:171–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimura Y, Coombs D, Landis CA, Itaya T (2000) Continuous metamorphic gradient documented by graphitization and K-Ar age, Southeast Otago, New Zealand. Am Miner 85:1625–1636

    Google Scholar 

  • Olmo Sanz del A, Pablo Macía de J, Aldaya Valverde F, Campos Fernández J, Chacón Montero J, García Dueñas V, García Rossell L, Sanz de Galdeano C, Orozco Fernández M, Torres Roldán R (1987) Mapa Geológico de España, e:1:50.000, hoja 1064 (Cortes de la Frontera). IGME, 55 pp

  • Orozco M, Alonso-Chaves FM, Nieto F (1998) Development of large north-facing folds and their relation to crustal extension in the Alborán domain (Alpujarras region, Betic Cordilleras, Spain). Tectonophysics 298:271–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Platt JP, Vissers RLM (1989) Extensional collapse of thickened continental lithosphere: a working hypothesis for the Alboran Sea and Gibraltar Arc. Geology 17:540–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Platt J, Soto JI, Comas M (1996) Decompression and high-temperature–low-pressure metamorphism in the exhumed floor of an extensional basin, Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean. Geology 24:447–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Platt JP, Soto JI, Whitehouse MJ, Hurford AJ, Kelley SP (1998) Thermal evolution, rate of exhumation, and tectonic significance of metamorphic rocks from the floor of the Alboran extensional Basin, Western Mediterranean. Tectonics 17:671–689

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puga E, Díaz De Federico A, Nieto JM (2002a) Tectonostratigraphic subdivision and petrological characterisation of the deepest complexes of the Betic zone: a review. Geodinamica Acta 15:23–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puga E, Nieto JM, Díaz De Federico A (2002b) Contrasting P-T paths in eclogites of the Betic Ophiolitic Association, Mulhacén Complex, Southeastern Spain). Can Miner 38:1137–1161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raase P (1974) Al and Ti contents of hornblende, indicators of pressure and temperature of regional metamorphism. Contrib Miner Petrol 45:231–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson D, Bevins RE (1999) Patterns of regional low-grade metamorphism in metabasites. In: Frey M, Robinson D (eds) Low-grade metamorphism. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 143–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson P, Spear FS, Schumacher JC, Laird J, Klein C, Evans BW, Doolan BL (1982) Phase relations of metamorphic amphiboles: natural occurrence and theory. Rev Miner 9B:1–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz Cruz MD (2010) Zoned Ca-amphibole as new marker of the Alpine metamorphic evolution of phyllites from the Jubrique unit (Alpujárride Complex, Betic Cordillera, Spain). Miner Mag 74:773–796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz Cruz MD, Rodríguez Jiménez P (2002) Correlation between crystallochemical parameters of phyllosilicates and mineral facies in very low-grade metasediments of the Betic Cordillera (Spain): a synthesis. Clay Miner 37:169–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz Cruz MD, Sanz de Galdeano C (2010) Factors controlling the evolution of mineral assemblages and illite crystallinity in Paleozoic to Triassic sequences from the transition between Maláguide and Alpujárride complexes (Betic Cordillera, Spain): the significance of tobelite. Clays Clay Miner 58:558–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz Cruz MD, Sanz de Galdeano C, Lázaro C (2005) Metamorphic evolution of Triassic rocks from the transition zone between the Maláguide and Alpujárride complexes (Betic Cordilleras, Spain). Eur J Miner 17:81–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz Cruz MD, Franco F, Sanz de Galdeano C, Novak J (2006) Evidence of contrasting low-grade metamorphic conditions from clay mineral assemblages in Triassic Alpujárride-Maláguide transitional units in the Betic Cordilleras, Spain. Clay Miner 41:619–638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz Cruz MD, Sanz de Galdeano C, Alvarez-Valero A, Rodríguez Ruiz MD, Novak J (2010) Pumpellyite and coexisting minerals in metapelites and veins from the Federico units (Internal Zone of the Rif). Can Miner 48:183–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanz de Galdeano C (1990) Geologic evolution of the Betic Cordilleras in the Western Mediterranean, Miocene to the present. Tectonophysiscs 172:107–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanz de Galdeano C, Andreo B, García-Tortosa FJ, López-Garrido AC (2001) The Triassic palaeogeographic transition between the Alpujárride and Maláguide complexes, Betic-Rif internal zone. Palaeo 167:157–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffmann P, Day DW (1999) Petrological methods for the study of very low-grade metabasites. In: Frey M, Robinson D (eds) Low-grade metamorphism. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp 108–142

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz B, Triboulet C, Audren C (1995) Microstructures and mineral chemistry in amphibolites from the western Tauern Window (Eastern Alps), and P-T-deformation paths of the Alpine greenschists-amphibolite facies metamorphism. Miner Mag 59:641–659

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz B, Triboulet C, Audren C, Pfeifer H-R, Gilg A (2001) Two-stage prograde and retrograde Variscan metamorphism of glaucophane-eclogites, blueschists and greenschists from Ile de Groix (Brittany, France). Int J Earth Sci 90:871–889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher JC (1997) The estimation of the proportions of ferric iron in the electron-microprobe analysis of amphiboles. Can Miner 35:238–246

    Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher J (2007) Metamorphic amphiboles: composition and coexistence. Rev Miner Geochem 10:359–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp TG, Buseck PR (1988) Prograde versus retrograde chlorite-amphibole intergrowths in a calc-silicate rock. Am Mineral 73:1292–1301

    Google Scholar 

  • Simancas JF, Campos J (1993) Compresión NNW–SSE tardi—a postmetamórfica y extensión subordinada en el Complejo Alpujárride (Dominio de Alborán, Orógeno bético). Soc Geol España 6:23–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Soto JI, Platt JP (1999) Petrological and structural evolution of high-grade metamorphic rocks from the floor of the Alboran Sea basin, Western Mediterranean. J Petrol 40:21–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spear FS (1980) NaSi-CaAl exchange equilibrium between plagioclase and amphibole: an empirical model. Contrib Miner Petrol 80:140–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Theye T, Seidel E, Vidal O (1992) Petrology of carpholite-bearing metapelites and related rocks from the high-pressure metamorphic phyllite-quartzite unit of Crete and Peloponnese (Greece). Eur J Miner 4:487–507

    Google Scholar 

  • Triboulet C (1992) The (Na-Ca)amphibole-albite-chlorite-epidote-quartz geothermobarometer in the system S-A-F-M-C-N-H2O. 1. An empirical calibration. J Metam Geol 10:545–556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tubía JM, Gil Ibarguchi JI (1991) Eclogites of the Ojén nappe: a record of subduction in the Alpujárride complex (Betic Cordilleras, southern Spain). J Geol Soc Lond 148:801–804

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tubía JM, Cuevas J, Navarro-Vilá F, Alvarez F, Aldaya F (1992) Tectonic evolution of the Alpujarride Complex (Betic Cordillera, southern Spain). J Struct Geol 14:193–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Bemmelen MW (1927) Bijdrage tot der geologie der Betische Ketens in der Province de Granada. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Delft

  • Vidal O, Goffé B, Parra T, Bousquet R (1999) Calibration and testing of an empirical chloritoid-chlorite Mg-Fe thermometer and thermodynamic data for daphnite. J Metam Geol 17:25–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vissers RLM, Platt JP, Van der Wal D (1995) Late orogenic extension of the Betic Cordillera and the Alboran Domain: a lithospheric view. Tectonics 14:786–803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vogl JJ (2003) Thermal-baric structure and P–T history of the brooks range metamorphic core, Alaska. J Metam Geol 21:269–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wildi W (1983) La chaîne tello-rifaine (Algérie, Maroc, Tunisie): structure, stratigraphie et évolution du Trias au Miocène. Rev Géol Dyn Geog Phys 24:201–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Zen E-An (1974) Prehnite- and pumpellyite-bearing mineral assemblages, west side of Appalachian metamorphic belt, Pennsylvania to Newfoundland. J Petrol 15:197–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeck HP, Whitehouse MJ (1999) Hercynian, Pan-African, Proterozoic and Archean ion microprobe zircon ages for a Betic–Rif core complex, Alpine belt, W Mediterranean consequences for its P–T–t path. Contrib Miner Petrol 134:134–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zenk M, Schulz B (2004) Zoned Ca-amphiboles and related P–T evolution in metabasites from the classical Barrovian metamorphic zones in Scotland. Miner Mag 68:769–786

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to P. Horváth and to an unknown reviewer, whose comments, suggestions, and corrections have notably improved the manuscript. This study has received financial support from the Project CGL 2009-08186 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación) and from the Research Group RNM-199 (Junta de Andalucía).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Cristalografía y Mineralogía. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain

    M. D. Ruiz Cruz

  2. Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra. Facultad de Ciencias, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain

    C. Sanz de Galdeano

Authors
  1. M. D. Ruiz Cruz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. Sanz de Galdeano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. D. Ruiz Cruz.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ruiz Cruz, M.D., Sanz de Galdeano, C. Amphibole-derived evidence of medium P/T metamorphic ratio in Alpujárride and Federico “HP” units (Western Betic-Northern Rif, Spain and Morocco): possible interpretations. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 101, 221–238 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-011-0672-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-011-0672-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation